Matekiniki Ekuchenesa Simbi Nemashandisirwo Awo
Kuchenesa simbi inzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa simbi dzinonangana nekuwedzera kuchena kwesimbi kubva muzvinhu zvayo—ingava simbi, simbi yakaomeswa, kana nzira yekutanga yekunyungudutsa (simbi isina kuchena). Mumabasa emaindasitiri, kuchenesa kunopfuura kungoita kuti simbi ive yakachena, asi kunosanganisirawo kuderedza huwandu hwetsvina kuti isangane nezvinodiwa pakushandiswa kwakanangana. Mhangura yetambo dzemagetsi, semuenzaniso, inoda kuchena kwakanyanya kuti ifambise zvakanaka. Panguva imwecheteyo, simbi yesimbi yekuvaka inogona kutsungirira mamwe macomposition chero bedzi hunhu hwayo hwemakanika hwakakodzera. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura matekiniki makuru ekuchenesa simbi pamwe chete nemienzaniso yekushandiswa kwayo muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Sei kunatswa kwesimbi kuchikosha?
Kusachena kuri musimbi kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya hunhu hwemuviri nehwemakemikari, zvakaita semagetsi/kupisa, kuramba ngura, simba rekusunga, kusimba, uye maitiro ekuwelda kana kukanda. Kunyangwe tsvina diki kwazvo inogona kukonzera zvikanganiso zvechigadzirwa, zvakaita sekupwanyika pakupisa kwakati, kutsemuka, kana kudzikira kwekusagadzikana kweokisijeni. Naizvozvo, kunatswa kwesimbi idanho rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwesimbi—kubva mukuchera nekugadzira zvicherwa kusvika pakunyungudutsa nekugadzira.
Kupfuura kushanda zvakanaka, kunatswa kunosanganisirawo nyaya dzekuchengetedza uye zvakatipoteredza. Kusachena kwakadai sesarufa, phosphorus, arsenic, kana lead kunogona kukanganisa kuburitswa kwemagadzirirwo emagadzirirwo nemarara, zvichida kuti kudzora kutevedzera mitemo.
1) Kuchenesa pyrometallurgical (kwakavakirwa pakupisa kwakanyanya)
Pyrometallurgy inoshandisa tembiricha yakakwira kuti ioxidize, iite mhute, kana kuparadzanisa tsvina kuburikidza nekuita kwe fluxes uye slag. Kugadziriswa kwePyrometallurgical kunowanzoitika mushure mekutanga kwekunyungudutsa.
a. Kuoxidation yakasarudzwa uye kunatswa neslag
Munzira iyi, tsvina inogadziriswa zviri nyore kupfuura simbi yepasi inoshandurwa kuita ma oxides uye inobatwa ne slag. Kuwedzera flux (yakadai se lime/limestone kuumba CaO) kunobatsira kusunga tsvina ye oxide kuita slag inogona kuparadzaniswa nesimbi yakanyungudutswa.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Kugadzira Simbi: Maitiro ekutanga akadai seBasic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) anooxidize kabhoni, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, uye sarufa. Alkaline slag inobatsira kusunga phosphorus, ichideredza huwandu hwayo.
– Kuchenesa mhangura: Padanho re "kuchenesa mhangura", okisijeni inofuridzwa kuti ioxide tsvina yakati wandei, uye "kuporisa" (kuderedza chiedza) kunoitwa kuitira kuti okisijeni iri mumhangura isanyanya kuwanda.
b. Kunyungudika uye kusimba kwemhepo (evaporation)
Dzimwe simbi kana tsvina dzine pokufashaira shoma uye nekudaro dzinogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nekusiyana kwekushanduka-shanduka. Nzira iyi yakakodzera simbi dzakadai se zinc (Zn) kana mercury (Hg), pamwe nekuderedza kusvibiswa kunobva mukushanduka-shanduka.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Kucheneswa kweZinc: Dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira zinc dzinoshandisa distillation kuwedzera kuchena kweZinc yakanyungudutswa.
– Kubviswa kwetsvina inoshanduka: Mune mamwe maitiro, tsvina yakaita se cadmium inogona kupatsanurwa nekuti inoshanduka kupfuura simbi huru.
Zvakanakira zve pyrometallurgy zvinosanganisira kuwanda kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kukodzera kwayo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Zvisinei, zvayakaipira zvinosanganisira simba rakawanda rinodiwa uye mukana wekuburitsa magasi (semuenzaniso, SO₂) kana ikasagadziriswa nehurongwa hwekudzora.
2) Kuchenesa kwemvura nesimbi (kwakavakirwa pamhinduro)
Hydrometallurgy inoshandisa maitiro emakemikari muchikamu chemhinduro, kazhinji kuburikidza nematanho matatu makuru: leaching, kupatsanurwa/kucheneswa kwemhinduro, uye kudzoreredzwa kwesimbi senge precipitation kana electrowinning.
a. Kubvisa tsvina uye kuchenesa mhinduro
Matombo kana kuti concentrate zvinonyungudutswa uchishandisa acid, base, kana complexing agent. Mushonga wacho unozocheneswa kubva mutsvina uchishandisa nzira dzakadai se selectistic precipitation, ion exchange, kana solvent extraction.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Nickel necobalt: Maitiro mazhinji emazuva ano anogadzira laterite kana sulfide nekuburitsa, vozochenesa mhinduro yekuparadzanisa Ni neCo.
– Goridhe: Mukuita kwecyanidation, goridhe rinonyungudutswa sechisanganiswa, rozoparadzaniswa kubva mumushonga uchishandisa activated carbon adsorption uye mamwe matanho anotevera.
b. Kubviswa kwezvinonyungudutsa (SX)
SX inoshandisa mutsauko uripo pakati pemaion esimbi kune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zve organic, kuitira kuti simbi inotarirwa ikwanise "kutamiswa" kubva muchikamu chemvura kuenda kuchikamu che organic, yozodzorerwa (yakabviswa) kuita mhinduro yakachena.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Mhangura (SX-EW): Mushonga wekuburitsa mvura unocheneswa neSX, wobva waburitswa mhangura kuburikidza nemagetsi kuti ive cathode yemhangura yemhando yepamusoro.
Hydrometallurgy inoonekwa seinochinjika zviri nyore uye inowanzoita kuti pave nekuchena kwakanyanya, asi inoda kungwarira kudzora makemikari uye kutarisira mvura yakasviba zvakanaka.
3) Kuchenesa electrolytic (kugadzirisa electrorefining uye kukunda electrowinning)
Kuchenesa simbi nemagetsi inzira yakakosha yekugadzira simbi dzakachena zvakanyanya. Chinangwa ndechekushandisa magetsi kunyungudutsa simbi kubva muanode woiisa pa cathode.
a. Kugadzirisa magetsi
Anode iyi isimbi isina kuchena, cathode isimbi yakatetepa, uye electrolyte imusanganiswa wemunyu wesimbi. Simbi yakachena inodonha pamusoro pe cathode, nepo mamwe marara achidonha seanode achidonha kana kuramba akanyunguduka.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Mhangura: Inogadzira macathode emhangura akachena kwazvo (anowanzo shandiswa semaconductor emagetsi). Simbi dzinokosha dzakadai sesirivha negoridhe dzinowanzo unganidzwa mu anode slime kuti dzishandiswe zvakanyanya.
– Nickel: Electrorefining inogadzira nickel yemhando yepamusoro yekushandisa alloying uye plating.
b. Kuhwina nemagetsi
Kusiyana ne electrorefining, electrowinning inobvisa simbi zvakananga kubva mu leaching/refining solution, kwete kubva mu crude metal anode.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– SX-EW mhangura, zinc, nedzimwe simbi dzakawanda: dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti dzinogona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zve cathode zvine hutsanana hwakanyanya.
Zvakanakira zve electrolytic process kuchena kwakanyanya uye kutonga kwakanaka kwekuumbwa kwayo, asi mari yemagetsi uye kudiwa kwe electrolyte yakagadzikana zvinhu zvakakosha.
4) Kucheneswa kwakakosha kwekuchenesa kwakanyanya
Panyaya dzemagetsi, optics, kana tsvakurudzo, kuchena kwesimbi kunogona kusvika pa99,99% (4N) kana kupfuura. Apa ndipo panoshandiswa matekiniki ehunyanzvi.
a. Kuchenesa nzvimbo
Simbi inonyungudutswa munzvimbo diki inofamba ichitevedza bhaa. Kusachena kunowanzo nyunguduka zviri nani muchikamu chemvura pane muchinhu chakasimba, saka zvinosundidzirwa pamwe nekufamba kwenzvimbo yekunyunguduka uye zvinounganidzwa pamagumo ebhaa, iro rinozochekwa.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Silicon, germanium, gallium: zvakakosha zvikuru muindasitiri yesemiconductor.
b. Kuchenesa vacuum
Kana paine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera, tsvina inoshanduka-shanduka inonyangarika zviri nyore. Iyi nzira inoshanda pakuderedza magasi akanyungudutswa (hydrogen, nitrogen) kana tsvina inoshanduka-shanduka.
Mienzaniso yekushandisa:
– Simbi dzakakosha uye ma super alloys: kubvisa gasi mu vacuum kunowedzera kuomarara uye kunoderedza porosity.
– Titanium ne zirconium: mune dzimwe nguva, kudzora mhepo kwakakosha nekuda kwekushanda kwazvo kwemhepo ne nitrogen.
5) Kushandiswa kwemhedzisiro yekuchenesa simbi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana
a. Magetsi nemagetsi
Simbi dzakachena zvakanyanya dzakadai semhangura nearuminiyamu dzinoshandiswa mutambo, mabhazi, uye zvikamu zve conductor. Kuchena kwakanyanya kunodiwa kuti simba risanyanya kurasikirwa uye kupisa kushoma. Mumagetsi, simbi dzakachena zvakanyanya uye semiconductors dzinotsigira mashandiro e transistors, sensors, uye machipisi.
b. Kutakura nekuvaka
Musimbi nearuminiyamu, kunatswa kunobatsira kudzora tsvina yakaita sesarufa nephosphorus, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuputsika. Mugumisiro wacho midziyo yakasimba, isingaremeri zvakanyanya, uye yakavimbika yakakodzera mabhiriji, zvivakwa, ngarava, uye kunyange mafuremu emotokari.
c. Indasitiri yemakemikari nesimba
Ma alloys akagadzirwa ne nickel, chromium, uye molybdenum anoda kudzorwa kwakasimba kwe composition kuti agone kutsungirira ngura uye tembiricha yakakwira—semuenzaniso, muma chemical reactors, mapaipi, ma gas turbines, uye ma power plants. Kuchenesa kunobatsira kuona kuti tsvina inokurumidza ngura haipfuure miganhu.
d. Zvishongo nesimbi dzinokosha
Ndarama, sirivha, neplatinum zvinonatswa kuti zviwane mamakisi chaiwo (semuenzaniso, goridhe re24K) kana kuti zvishandiswe muzvishongo. Maitiro ekuchenesa anobvumirawo kudzoreredzwa kwesimbi dzinokosha kubva mumarara emagetsi uye matope eanode.
Mhedziso
Maitiro ekugadzirisa simbi anosanganisira nzira dze pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, uye electrolytic, pamwe nenzira dzakagadzirwa dzakadai sekugadzirisa nzvimbo uye kuchenesa vacuum. Sarudzo yenzira inoenderana nerudzi rwesimbi, chimiro chezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, rudzi uye zviri mukati metsvina, chinangwa chekuchena, uye kufunga nezvehupfumi nezvakatipoteredza. Mukuita, indasitiri inowanzo sanganisa matekiniki akati wandei kuti iwane mhedzisiro yakanaka. Nekugadzirisa kwakakodzera, simbi dzinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro-soro - kubva patambo dzemagetsi nezvivakwa zvekuvaka kusvika kuzvikamu zve semiconductor - izvo zviri hwaro hwakakosha hwetekinoroji yemazuva ano.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chive chedzidzo yepamusoro (nema quotations uye process flow diagrams), kana kutarisa pane chimwe chinhu chakadai semhangura, aruminiyamu, kana nickel.
