Basa reCatalysts muMetallurgical Processes
Metallurgy ibazi resainzi netekinoroji rinoongorora kuburitswa kwesimbi kubva mumatombo, kucheneswa, kusanganiswa, uye kuumbwa uye kugadziriswa kuti uwane hunhu hwezvinhu zvinodiwa. Kumashure kwematanho akasiyana aya, macatalyst anoita basa rakakosha. Macatalyst zvinhu zvinokurumidzisa mwero wekuita kwemakemikari pasina kushandiswa zvachose. Kunyangwe macatalyst achinyanya kutaurwa muindasitiri yemakemikari, akadai semapetrochemicals kana kugadzirwa kwefetereza, kushandiswa kwawo mumetallurgy ikozvino kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza, kunyanya nekuda kwekuda kwekushandisa simba zvakanaka, kuderedza kusvibiswa, uye kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvesimbi.
Sei zvinhu zvinokonzeresa kucheneswa kwesimbi zvichikosha mukugadzira simbi?
Maitiro esimbi anowanzo sanganisira maitiro ekupisa kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda, uye kudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pezvikamu zvakasimba, zvemvura, uye zvegasi. MaCatalysts anogona kubatsira kuderedza simba rekuita kuti mashandiro ashande, zvichiita kuti aenderere mberi nekukurumidza kana pakupisa kwakaderera. Saka, maCatalysts ane mukana wekuderedza mari yekushandisa, kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo, uye kuderedza kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvisingadiwe. Uyezve, maCatalysts anogona kuwedzera kusarudza, maitiro ekuita kuti zvigadziriswe zvigadzirwa, izvo zvakakosha pakuchenesa simbi uye kudzora kuumbwa kwealloy.
Zvinokonzera simba muchikamu chekuburitsa simbi (pyrometallurgy uye hydrometallurgy)
Mukubvisa simbi, simbi inofanira kugadziriswa kuti iparadzanise simbi dzinokosha kubva kutsvina. Munzira dze pyrometallurgical, kuderedzwa kwesimbi oxides kunowanzoitwa pakupisa kwakanyanya uchishandisa kabhoni, kabhoni monoxide, kana hydrogen. Mune mamwe masisitimu, ma catalysts anogona kukurumidzisa reduction reaction kana kubatsira kuumbwa kwe deduction response. Semuenzaniso, mu hydrogen-based procedures yekuderedza zvakananga iron ore, mamwe ma catalysts anogona kubatsira kuvandudza reaction kinetics, zvichiita kuti maitiro acho ave anoshanda uye abudise carbon emissions shoma pane coke-based reduction.
Panguva iyi, mu hydrometallurgy, simbi dzinoburitswa uchishandisa mvura inonyungudutsa kuburikidza nekubviswa kwesimbi, kucheneswa kwemvura, uye kunaya kwemvura kana kuhwina electrowinning. Munguva yekubviswa kwesimbi, ma catalysts anogona kushanda se redox agents, zvichikurumidzisa kunyungudika kwemineral. Mukubviswa kwegoridhe, semuenzaniso, cyanide inoshandiswa, iyo inoumba complex ine goridhe. Kunyange zvazvo maitiro aya asiri "catalytic" chete, kuwedzerwa kweokisijeni kana mamwe ma oxidizing agents kunogona kuwedzera reaction rate. Mune mamwe ma refractory ores, ma catalysts kana redox mediators anogona kubatsira kuvhura chimiro chemineral kuti simbi inyungudike.
MaCatalyst mukuchenesa nekubvisa tsvina
Kuchenesa simbi idanho rakakosha nekuti kunyangwe tsvina diki inogona kuchinja hunhu hwesimbi, kuramba ngura, uye kufambisa simba. MaCatalyst anogona kushandiswa kukurumidzisa maitiro ekubatanidza tsvina kana kushandura tsvina kuita mafomu ari nyore kupatsanurwa.
Semuenzaniso, mukunatswa kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa, pane kupindirana pakati petsvina (yakadai sesarufa kana phosphorus) uye slag. Kunyangwe slag isiri chinhu chinobatsira mukutsanangurwa kwekare, zvimwe zvikamu zveslag zvinogona "kukonzera" nekuti zvinokurumidzisa kutamiswa kwemazhinji uye kuita kweinterfacial. Kuwedzerwa kwezvimwe zvinowedzera kunogona kuwedzera kugona kweslag kusunga sarufa (desulfurization), zvichiita kuti sarufa ibude kubva musimbi yakanyungudutswa nekukurumidza. Maitiro aya ane chekuita nekuchinja kweslag viscosity, mashandiro emakemikari, uye nzvimbo yepamusoro, zvese zvinokanganisa kumhanya kwekuita.
Mukuita kwesimbi, kudzora oxidation uye reduction reactions pa basic oxygen converter (BOC) kana electric arc furnace (EARC) stages kwakakosha. Catalysts kana reaction promoters zvinogona kubatsira kudzora kuumbwa kweCO2, CO2, uye decarburization (carbon reduction), zvichiita kuti maitiro acho ave akasimba uye anoshanda.
Basa rezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kupisa uye kugadzira mapellets
Pamberi pekugadziriswa kwesimbi, sintering kana pelletizing inowanzoitwa kuti pave nekukwanisa kupenya uye kunaka kwechikafu chinoiswa mufurnace yeblast kana direct reduction reactor. Munguva iyi, pane maitiro akawanda ekuderedza oxidation, kuora kwecarbonate, uye slag phase formation. Kuwedzerwa kwezvimwe zvinhu kunogona kushanda se catalysts kana promoters, kukurumidzisa kuumbwa kwe bonding phase, kuwedzera simba re mechanical re sinter/pellet, uye kugadzirisa porosity. Izvi zvinoguma nemaitiro ekunyungudutsa akasimba nekuda kwekupararira kwakaenzana kwegasi mukati mechinhu.
Chinosimudzira mukutonga kwekubuda kwemhepo uye nharaunda
Rimwe remabasa anonyanya kukosha e catalysts mukugadzira simbi kwemazuva ano kudzora kubuda kwemhepo inobuda. Maitiro ekunyungudutsa nekunatsa anogadzira magasi akadai seCO, NOx, SOx, pamwe chete nemakemikari anoshanduka-shanduka uye zvinhu zvidiki. Tekinoroji ye catalytic inobvumira kushandurwa kwezvinosvibisa kuita zvinhu zvakachengeteka zvisati zvaburitswa mumhepo.
Semuenzaniso, ma catalysts e oxidation anogona kushandura CO2 zvinobudirira kuita CO2, nepo ma catalysts e selective catalytic reduction (SCR) anogona kuderedza kuburitswa kweNOx nekushandura kuita N₂ neH₂O uchishandisa ammonia kana urea se reductants. Munzvimbo dzakakura dzesimbi, kushandiswa kwema catalytic system aya kunobatsira kuzadzisa mitemo yakaoma yezvakatipoteredza ukuwo kuchivandudza hunhu hwemhepo yakatenderedza chirimwa.
Uyezve, macatalyst ane basa guru mukudzoreredza simba kubva mumagasi eutsi. Magasi achiri neCO kana H₂ anogona kupiswa nenzira inodzorwa kana kugadziriswa nemacatalyst kuti agadzire kupisa kana kunyange makemikari. Kufambira mberi kwazvino kunotoratidza kushandisa magasi eutsi esimbi senzvimbo yekabhoni yekugadzira makemikari, nokudaro zvichiita kuti pfungwa yehupfumi hwedenderedzwa ishandiswe.
Zvinokonzera simbi mukugadzirisa simbi zvakare uye hupfumi hwakatenderera
Nekuwedzera kuri kuita kudiwa kwesimbi uye kushomeka kwezviwanikwa zvematombo, kudzokorodza zvinhu kuri kuramba kuchikosha. Zvinoshandiswa pakudzokorodza zvinhu zvinogona kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzirisa marara, kunyanya pakuparadzanisa tsvina yeorganic kana kuwedzera kudzoserwa kwesimbi dzinodhura zvakanyanya kubva mumarara emagetsi.
Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirisa marara emagetsi (e-waste), macatalyst anogona kushandiswa muchikamu chepyrolysis kana gasification kuputsa mapolymer nemaresins, zvichiita kuti zvikamu zvesimbi zvive nyore kupatsanura. MaCatalysts anogonawo kubatsira kushandura gasi repyrolysis kuita mafuta kana zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinokosha, kuderedza marara ekupedzisira uye kuwedzera mari yekushandiswazve.
Panyaya yemabhatiri e lithium-ion, kudzoreredzwa kwesimbi dzakadai se cobalt, nickel, manganese, uye lithium kunogona kusanganisira matanho e hydrometallurgical. Kushandiswa kwe catalysts kana redox mediators mukuburitsa kunogona kuwedzera kusarudza uye kuderedza kudiwa kwemakemikari akasimba, zvichiita kuti maitiro acho ave asina njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza.
Matambudziko ekushandisa zvinhu zvinokonzeresa simbi mukugadzira simbi
Pasinei nemabhenefiti azvo makuru, kushandiswa kwezvinokonzera kupisa munzvimbo dzine simbi hakusi nyore nguva dzose. Maitiro ekugadzirisa simbi anowanzoitika pakupisa kwakanyanya, munzvimbo dzine ngura, uye paine zvidimbu zvakasimba zvinogona kukuvadza kana kudzima chinokonzera kupisa. Zvinokonzera kupisa zvinogona kusangana nekupisa kwakanyanya, kuchetura nesarufa kana simbi dzinorema, uye kusvibiswa nekuda kwekuiswa kweguruva. Saka, dhizaini yezvinokonzera kupisa inofanira kufunga nezvekugadzikana kwekupisa, kuramba chepfu, uye kugona kudzoreredza.
Kubva pamaonero ehupfumi, zvinhu zvinogadzira simbi zvinokosha zvakaita seplatinum kana palladium zvinoshanda zvikuru asi zvinodhura. Imwe nzira ndeyekugadzira zvinhu zvinogadzira simbi zvichibva pakuchinja kwesimbi oxides, zeolites, kana zvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvisingadhuri asi zvichiri kuramba kushanda kwesimbi. Tsvagiridzo yakatarisanawo ne nanocatalysts uye zvinhu zvinogadzira simbi zvakarongwa, zvine nzvimbo dzakakwirira uye zvinoramba kushanda.
Mhedziso
MaCatalyst anoita basa guru mukuita simbi, kubva pakubvisa nekuchenesa simbi, kuburikidza nekuvandudza mhando yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakaita se sinter ne pellets, kusvika pakudzora utsi uye kukura kwetekinoroji yekudzokorodza. Nerubatsiro rwemaCatalysts, indasitiri yesimbi inogona kuvandudza mashandiro esimba, kuderedza mitengo, kuderedza kusvibiswa, uye kutsigira shanduko kuenda kune maitiro ekugadzira simbi anogara kwenguva refu. Kuenderera mberi, kugadzirwa kwemaCatalysts anodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya, asina chepfu, uye asingadhuri kuchava chinhu chakakosha pakugonesa hunyanzvi hweCatalytic kuti huitwe zvakanyanya mumiti yesimbi pasi rese.
