Tekinoroji yeInjini yeKubaya Mafuta
Tekinoroji yeinjini yekuisa mafuta ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzine simba guru munyika yemazuva ano yemotokari. Sisitimu iyi inotsiva carburetor, iyo kwemakumi emakore yaive tsika yekusanganisa mhepo nemafuta muinjini dzepeturu, uye ndiyo musimboti wekushanda zvakanaka muinjini dzedhiziri. Kuisa mafuta kunoita kuti mafuta apinzwe zvakanaka, kupiswa kwakakwana, kuderedzwa kwemhepo inobuda, uye kushanda zvakanaka kweinjini mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Sezvo mitemo yekubudisa utsi uye zvinodiwa zvekushandisa simba zvichiramba zvichioma, tekinoroji yekuisa mafuta inoramba ichichinja, mumotokari, mumotokari dzevatakuri, uye mumotokari dzemabhizimisi.
Kunzwisisa uye Nheyo dzeKushanda kweKubaya Mafuta
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kupinza mafuta muchikamu chekupisa kana kuti intake manifold nenzira chaiyo, panguva chaiyo, uye nepatani chaiyo yekupfapfaidza. Kusiyana nemacarburetor, ayo anoshandisa vacuum uye venturi mechanism, kupinza mafuta muchina kunoshanda nekudzvanya uye kudzora kwakanyatsojeka. Sisitimu yekuisa mafuta inowanzo kuve nepombi yemafuta, firita, rail yemafuta, majekiseni, masensa, uye electronic control unit (ECU/ECM) inoverenga zvinodiwa nemafuta zvichienderana nemamiriro einjini.
Mumainjini epeturu emazuva ano, mafuta anosanganiswa neatom ne ma injectors kuita mhute diki inosanganiswa zviri nyore nemhepo. Chiyero chemhepo nemafuta chinozochengetwa pedyo nehukuru hwakakodzera sezvinobvira kuti zvishande zvakanaka uye utsi hubude. Panguva imwe chete, mumainjini edhiziri, mafuta anopinzwa nepressure yakakwira zvakananga mukamuri rekupisa mushure mekunge mhepo yamanikidzwa, zvichikonzera kupisa kwemhepo.
Kushanduka kubva paCarburetor kuenda paElectronic Injection
MaCarburetor ane zvakanakira zvekureruka uye mutengo, asi kunyatsoita kwawo kwakaderera, kunyanya kana tembiricha dzichichinja-chinja, kukwirira kuchichinja-chinja, kana kuti mutoro weinjini uchichinja nekukurumidza. Sezvo mitemo yeutsi yakasimbiswa, vagadziri vemotokari vaida sisitimu inokwanisa kudzora musanganiswa wemafuta zvakanyatsonaka. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi mukuisa mafuta (EFI) kwakava mhinduro, sezvo yaigona kugadzirisa huwandu hwemafuta zvichibva pane sensor input chaiyo.
Kugadzirwa kweEFI kwakabatanawo zvikuru nekufambira mberi mumasensa nemakombiyuta. Sensa ye exhaust oxygen (O2), airflow (MAF) kana manifold pressure (MAP), throttle position sensor (TPS), engine temperature sensor (ECT), uye engine speed sensor (CKP) zvinobatsira ECU kuona nguva yekuvhurwa kwe injector (pulse width). Ne closed-loop control, ECU inogona kugadzirisa musanganiswa kuti iwedzere catalyst performance, nokudaro ichideredza HC, CO, uye NOx emissions.
Mhando dzeSisitimu dzeInjection muInjini dzePeturu
Muinjini dzepeturu, kune magadzirirwo makuru akati wandei anoshandiswa zvakanyanya:
1. Jekiseni rePoint Imwe Chete (Jekiseni reThrottle Body/TBI)
Majekiseni ari mu throttle body, achipfapfaidza mafuta asati apinda mu intake manifold. Iyi sisitimu inomiririra shanduko kubva kuma carburetor kuenda kuma fuel injection, sezvo pfungwa yacho yakafanana nekusanganisa kwepakati. Haidhuri zvakanyanya, asi kugoverwa kwemusanganiswa kune silinda yega yega hakuna kunyatsojeka sesystem ine mapoinzi akawanda.
2. Kupinza Mapoinzi Akawanda (MPI/Port Injection)
Sirinda yega yega ine injector yayo inopfapfaidza mafuta mu intake port iri pedyo ne intake valve. Zvakanakira zvinosanganisira kuparadzirwa kwakaenzana, throttle response iri nani, uye control yakanyatsonaka. MPI yave iri tsika inozivikanwa pamota dzakawanda kwemakumi emakore.
3. Jekiseni rePetroli zvakananga (GDI)
Majekiseni aya anoiswa zvakananga mukamuri rekupisa uye anoshanda nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kupfuura MPI. GDI inobvumira nzira dzekupisa dzakaomarara, dzakadai semisanganiswa isina mafuta akawanda pasi pemamwe mamiriro uye kutonhora kwemukati kuburikidza nekupiswa kwemafuta mu-cylinder. Mugumisiro wacho unowedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye simba rinogona kubuda zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, GDI inowanzova yakaoma, inoda pombi ine simba rakawanda, uye ine matambudziko akadai sekugona kwekuisa mavharuvhu ekupinda nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemafuta ekushambidza.
Tekinoroji yeInjection muInjini dzeDiesel: Common Rail nedzimwe
Injini dzedhiziri dzinozivikanwa nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwejekiseni kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti atomization yakakwana. Chimwe chezvinhu zvitsva zvikuru iCommon Rail Direct Injection (CRDI). Muhurongwa uhwu, pombi ine simba rekuzadza jira rinoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza, ichichengetedza simba remagetsi rakasimba. ECU inozodzora majekiseni nemagetsi kuti apfapfaidze mafuta nenguva chaiyo uye kwenguva yakareba.
Zvakanakira zvechitima checommon rail zvinosanganisira:
– Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwejekiseni kuitira kuti mhute yemafuta ive yakanaka uye kupisa kunoshanda zviri nani.
– Kubaya majekiseni akawanda (pilot injection, main injection, post injection) zvinoita kuti kupisa kuve nyore, kunoderedza ruzha rwe "dhiziri", uye kunobatsira kudzora kuburitswa kwemhepo.
- Mhinduro iri nani yeinjini pa rpm dzakasiyana-siyana uye mutoro.
Tekinoroji yedhiziri yemazuva ano inowanzo sanganiswa nema turbochargers, intercoolers, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), uye Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) kuti isvike padanho remutemo we emission.
Zvinhu Zvakakosha MuSisitimu Yekubaya Injection
Kuti sisitimu yekubaya ishande zvakanaka, zvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanda zvinofanira kushanda nemazvo:
– Pombi yemafuta: Mupeturu inowanzova mutangi ine kumanikidzwa kwakati; muGDI nedhiziri mune pombi yekuwedzera ine kumanikidzwa kwakakwira.
– Injector: Vharuvhu ye solenoid kana piezoelectric inovhura nekuvharika nekukurumidza. Chimiro chemuromo wemuromo chinosarudza patani yekupfapfaidza.
– Chinodzora kumanikidzwa kwemafuta: Chinochengetedza kufambiswa kwemafuta nekudzikiswa kwemhepo kwakasimba.
– Ma sensor einjini: Anoshanda se "sense" yeECU kuti ione zvinodiwa pakupinza.
– ECU/ECM: Uropi hwehurongwa hunoshandisa mepu yekuisa jekiseni (mepu yemafuta), kugadzirisa tembiricha, kugadzirisa kukwirira, uye nzira yekuburitsa mweya.
Mabhenefiti eInjini dzeInjection Zvichienzaniswa neMasisitimu Akajairika
Mabhenefiti makuru ekushandisa tekinoroji yekuisa mafuta anosanganisira:
1. Kushanda zvakanaka kwemafuta kunowedzera nekuti musanganiswa wacho unoenderana nezvinodiwa.
2. Kushanda kwakasimba mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana uye pakukwirira.
3. Kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo nekuda kwekutsva kwakakwana uye kudzora zviri nyore kwe catalyst.
4. Zviri nyore kutanga kunyanya kana kuchitonhora, nekuti ECU inogona kuwedzera musanganiswa nenzira yakayerwa.
5. Kupindura kuri nani kweinjini nekuti mafuta anogona kugadziriswa nekukurumidza kana mutyairi akatsika pedal yepeturu.
Matambudziko uye Kugadziriswa kweSisitimu dzeJekiseni
Pasinei nezvakanakira zvayo, sisitimu yekuisa mafuta mumotokari inewo matambudziko: mitengo yakakwira yezvikamu, kusanzwisisa kunaka kwemafuta, uye kudiwa kwekuongorora ne scanner. Ma injector anogona kuvharwa ne deposits, pombi inogona kupera simba, kana kuti masensa anogona kupa zviratidzo zvenhema, zvichikonzera musanganiswa wemafuta usina kunaka. Zviratidzo zvinowanzo sanganisira kusashandisa mafuta zvakanaka, kudzika kweinjini, kuoma kutanga, kana kudzikira kwesimba.
Kugadziriswa kunokurudzirwa kunosanganisira kushandisa mafuta emhando yepamusoro, kuchinja mafirita nenguva, kuchenesa majekiseni kana zvichidikanwa, uye kuongororwa kwemagetsi nemasensa. Pamainjini emazuva ano eGDI nedhiziri, kusarudza mafuta uye nguva dzebasa zvakakoshawo nekuti zvinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwemadipoziti uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvikamu.
Remangwana reTekinoroji yeKuisa Mafuta
Pasinei nekuwedzera kuri kuita mota dzemagetsi, mainjini ekupisa mukati acharamba achishandiswa kwenguva yakati rebei, kunyanya mumotokari dzekutengeserana, nzvimbo dzine magetsi mashoma, uye mashandisirwo emahybrid. Tekinoroji yekuisa injini icharamba ichivandudzwa kuburikidza nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, kudzora kwakanyatsojeka, uye kubatanidzwa nemasisitimu ekugadzirisa injini akavakirwa pahungwaru hwekugadzira uye masensa akanyatsojeka. Kune peturu, kuvandudzwa kunotarisa pakushanda zvakanaka kweGDI, kuderedza zvimedu zvishoma, uye kusanganiswa kwe dual injection (MPI + GDI). Kune diesel, kuvandudzwa kwe common rail uye clean combustion strategies kucharamba kuchikurudzirwa kuderedza NOx uye zvimedu.
Mukupedzisa, tekinoroji yeinjini dzinoshandisa mafuta ndiyo kiyi yekuwana mota dzinoshandisa mafuta mashoma, dzine simba, uye dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda. Nekudzora kwakaringana kuwanikwa kwemafuta, kupinza mafuta kunovhura mikana yekuvandudza mashandiro emoto zvisingaite nehurongwa hwemazuva ese. Kune vashandisi, kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yekupinza mafuta kunobatsirawo pakugadzirisa uye kusarudza mafuta kwakakodzera kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mota inoshanda zvakanaka uye inogara kwenguva refu.
