Kunzwisisa Michina yeDistillation muIndasitiri yeMakemikari
Kunyungudutsa ndeimwe yemabasa akakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari. Kubva pakuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa murabhoritari kusvika pakupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvepetroleum pachikero chekuchenesa, kunyungudutsa kunoumba musimboti wemaitiro mazhinji ekugadzira. Michina yekunyungudutsa—ingava mayuniti akareruka kana makoramu makuru ekunyungudutsa—inoparadzanisa musanganiswa zvichibva pamusiyano wekusagadzikana (kupfava kwemhepo) kwezvikamu zvavo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru, zvikamu zvikuru, mhando dzekunyungudutsa, maparamendi ekushanda, pamwe nematambudziko uye kuchengetedzeka kwekushandisa sisitimu yekunyungudutsa.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzeDistillation
Chaizvoizvo, kudirwa kwemvura kunoshandisa chokwadi chekuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine poindi yekufashaira yakasiyana uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Kana musanganiswa wapiswa, zvikamu zvinoshanduka-shanduka zvinoenda kuchikamu chekufashaira. Mhepo iyi inotonhodzwa mu condenser kusvika yadzokera kumvura (distillate). Panguva imwe chete, mvura inosara mumudziyo wekupisa kana pasi pekoramu inowanzova nezvikamu zvakawanda zvine poindi dzekufashaira dzakakwira.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kudiridza hakusi kungo "dziisa nekutonhodza." Pamusanganiswa wakapihwa, vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) iripo, ichisarudza kuumbwa kweutsi nemvura patembiricha yakatarwa uye kumanikidzwa. Mukoramu yekudiridza, maitiro e evaporation uye condensation anoitika kakawanda pamatanho akasiyana-siyana, zvichikonzera kupatsanurwa kwakanyanya kupfuura mudistillation imwe chete.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveMuchina weDistillation/Unit
Muindasitiri, "muchina wekugadzira" unowanzo reva paki yemidziyo inoshanda sehurongwa. Zvikamu zvayo zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
1. Reboiler (chitofu chepasi)
Chinobatidzazve chinopa kupisa kuti chipfuure mvura iri pasi pechikamu. Utsi hunobuda hunokwira kumusoro kwechikamu uye hunoshanda se "mota" yekuparadzanisa. Mhando dzezvibatidzazve zvinozivikanwa dzinosanganisira zvibatidzazve zvekettle, zvibatidzazve zvethermosiphon, uye zvibatidzazve zveforced circulation.
2. Koramu yekunyungudutsa
Chinyorwa ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru chinoparadzanisa zvinhu. Chine chinhu chinobata zvinhu nemhepo nemvura chakaita setireyi (firita/ndiro) kana kuti chinotakura zvinhu. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira nzvimbo yakakura yekubata zvinhu kuitira kuti mhepo nemvura zvisvike pakuenzana zvishoma nezvishoma.
3. Tireyi kana Kurongedza
– Matireyi (semuenzaniso matireyi esipo, matireyi emavharuvhu, mavharuvhu) akakodzera kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana uye ari nyore kutarisa, asi anowanzova nekuderera kukuru kwepressure.
– Kurongedza (kwakarongwa kana kwakarongeka) kunowanzo sarudzwa kuti kugadzirwe muchina we vacuum distillation kana masisitimu anonzwa kuderedzwa kwedzvinyiriro, nekuti kuderedzwa kwedzvinyiriro kwakaderera.
4. Chinotonhodza
Kondensa inotonhodza utsi kubva pamusoro pekoramu kuita mvura. Inogona kuva kondensa yose (inodzikamisa utsi hwese) kana kuti kondensa isina chikamu (inogadzira musanganiswa weutsi nemvura).
5. Drum reflux uye system ye reflux
Distillate inobva mucondenser inounganidzwa, yozodzorerwa zvishoma pamusoro pekoramu se reflux. Reflux yakakosha nekuti inovandudza kuchena kwechigadzirwa chepamusoro nekusuka "utsi huri kukwira nemvura iri kuburuka".
6. Mapombi, mapaipi, zvidzoreso zvemidziyo
Masisitimu ekunyungudutsa mvura anovimba nekudzora kuyerera kwemvura, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye mwero wemvura. Kudzora kwakagadzikana kunosarudza kunaka kwechigadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba.
Mhando dzeDistillation muIndasitiri yeMakemikari
Mhando dzakasiyana dze distillation dzakagadzirwa kuti dzigadzirise hunhu hwakasiyana hwemusanganiswa:
1. Kunyungudutsa kuri nyore
Kazhinji kana paine musiyano mukuru wepombi dzinofashaira kana kuti dzakaoma. Kazhinji kana paine zvidiki.
2. Kunyungudutsa kwezvikamu
Kushandisa makoramu ane zvikamu zvakawanda zvekuparadzanisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mumaindasitiri, semuenzaniso, kupatsanurwa kwebenzene-toluene kana kupatsanurwa kwehydrocarbon.
3. Kunyungudutsa muchina wekuchenesa mvura uchishandisa vacuum cleaner
Kuderedza kumanikidzwa kwekushanda kuti uderedze pombi yekufashaira kwakakodzera kune makemikari ane pombi dzekufashaira dzakawanda kana ayo anoora zviri nyore pakupisa kwakanyanya. Mienzaniso: zvikamu zvepetroleum zvakawanda, kunatsa mamwe mamonomer.
4. Kunyungudutsa nemhepo inodziya
Utsi hwemvura hunoiswa kuti hubatsire kupwanya zvinhu zve organic pakupisa kwakaderera. Hunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumafuta anokosha uye mune dzimwe nzira dzekudzoreredza solvent.
5. Azeotropic / extractive distillation
Pamusanganiswa unoumba azeotropes (musanganiswa wemhepo wakaenzana nemusanganiswa wemvura), kunyungudutsa kwakajairika kwakaoma kuwana kuchena kwakanyanya. Mhinduro: kuwedzera entrainer (azeotrope) kana selective solvent (extractive) kuti uchinje kusagadzikana. Muenzaniso wekare: kucheneswa kweethanol kubva mumusanganiswa weethanol nemvura.
MaParamita Akakosha Ekushanda
Kuti muchina wekudhirowa ushande zvakanaka, vashandisi nemainjiniya vanotarisa pane akati wandei ma parameter:
– Kumanikidzwa kwemukoramu: Kunokanganisa kufashaira kwemvura uye VLE. Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunowedzera tembiricha yekushanda; kumanikidzwa kwakaderera kunobatsira zvinhu zvinonzwa kupisa.
– Reflux ratio: Kana reflux yakakwira, kuchena kwayo kunowedzerawo, asi kushandiswa kwesimba kunowedzerawo.
– Kubika-up rate/basa rekudzoreredza: Rinoona huwandu hwemhepo inokwira; kuderera zvakanyanya kunoita kuti mvura isaparadzane zvakanaka, kukwira zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera mafashamo.
– Nhamba yematanho edzidziso uye kushanda zvakanaka kwetireyi/kurongedza: Pfungwa yematanho edzidziso inobatsira pakugadzira. Kushanda zvakanaka chaiko kunokonzerwa ne hydrodynamics uye hunhu hwemuviri hwemusanganiswa.
– Mamiriro ezvekudya (tembiricha, chikamu, chimiro, mwero): Mamiriro ezvekudya anokanganisa mamiriro etembiricha uye mutoro wekoramu. Zvidziyo zvinopisa kana madhiramu anowanzo shandiswa kugadzirisa chikafu.
Matambudziko Akajairika Ekuvhiya
Mukushanda chaiko, makoramu ekunyungudutsa anogona kusangana nematambudziko anotevera:
– Mafashamo: Kuyerera kwemhepo kwakakwira zvakanyanya zvekuti mvura yacho inonetseka kuburuka; zvichiita kuti kumanikidzwa kuwedzere, zvichiita kuti mhando yechigadzirwa iderere.
– Kuchema/kurasa: Utsi hwakanyanya kuderera zvekuti mvura inonyura mutireyi; kusangana kwemvura neutsi kunoderera.
– Kubudisa furo: Furo rinowedzera kukwira kwemvura, richideredza kuchena kwayo.
– Kupinza: Madonhwe emvura anotakurwa nemhepo achienda kumusoro; anogona kusvibisa distillate.
– Kusvibisa/kuyera: Madipoziti anoderedza kutamiswa kwekupisa mu reboiler/condenser uye anovhara kurongedza/tireyi.
Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kunowanzo sanganisira kugadzirisa basa re reboiler, reflux, pressure, kana kugadzirisa nguva nenguva (kuchenesa uye kuongorora mukati).
Kushanda Nesimba Uye Kubatanidzwa Kwekupisa
Kugadzira zvinhu zvinopisa kunozivikanwa senzira inoda simba rakawanda nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwekupisa nekunyorovesa hunodiwa. Maindasitiri emazuva ano anoedza kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka ne:
– Kubatanidzwa kwekupisa: Kushandisa kupisa kubva kune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira chikafu chekupisa.
– Kunyungudutsa pombi yekupisa nemafuta akawanda: Kushandisa kudzvanywa kwemhepo kana mutemo wekumanikidza kuti "udzokorore" kupisa kwemvura.
- Kugadzirisa Kudzora: Advanced Process Control (APC) inobatsira kuchengetedza mashandiro ari pedyo nenzvimbo yakanaka pasina kukanganisa mhando.
Kuedza uku kushanda zvakanaka kwakakosha, nekuti mari yesimba ndiyo inowanzova chikamu chikuru chemari yekushandisa yedhiziri.
Kuchengetedzeka uye Zvakatipoteredza
Michina yekunyungudutsa inoshanda pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa, uye inowanzobata zvinhu zvinobvira moto, zvine chepfu, kana zvinoparadza. Saka, kuchengetedzeka kunofanira kuva chinhu chekutanga:
- Dziviriro yekumanikidzwa: Vharuvhu yekurerutsira uye sisitimu yekupenya kudzivirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya.
– Kudzora kubuda kwemvura: Kuvhara mapombi, maflange, uye masisitimu ekuona gasi.
– Zvinhu zvekuvaka: Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvisingakanganiswi nengura (semuenzaniso simbi isingasvibi, alloys dzakakosha) zvichienderana nehunhu hwemakemikari.
– Kubuda kwemhepo nemarara: Kudzora VOC (volatile organic compounds), kurapwa kwemvura inonaya, uye kudzivirira kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvine njodzi.
Kutevedzera mitemo (semuenzaniso API/ASME) pamwe nekushandiswa kweHAZOP uye maitiro akasimba ekushanda zvinobatsira zvikuru kudzivirira zviitiko.
Penutup
Kunzwisisa michina yekudiridza muindasitiri yemakemikari zvinoreva kunzwisisa kubatana kuripo pakati pethermodynamics, kutamiswa kwehuwandu, kutamiswa kwekupisa, dhizaini yemidziyo, uye nzira dzekudzora. Kudiridza hakusi kungoparadzanisa chete, asi sisitimu yakabatana inosarudza mhando yechigadzirwa, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro. Nekusarudza nzira chaiyo yekudiridza, dhizaini yakakodzera yemakoramu, uye mashandiro anodzorwa uye anoshanda, indasitiri inogona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvakachena zvakanyanya uye zvine mwero uye zvakachengeteka.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chive chehunyanzvi (nemienzaniso yekuverenga reflux ratio, matanho edzidziso, kana McCabe–Thiele) kana kuti chive chakakurumbira kune muverengi wese.
