Nzira dziri Nyore dzekunzwisisa Maitiro eInjini yeDiesel
Injini yedhiziri imhando yeinjini dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari dzakasiyana siyana nemidziyo yemumaindasitiri. Inozivikanwa nekushanda kwayo nesimba uye kugara kwenguva refu, mainjini edhiziri anowanzo kuve sarudzo huru yekushandisa inoda kushanda nesimba uye kugara kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa mashandiro einjini yedhiziri kunogona kuita sekunge kwakaoma kune vazhinji. Saka, chinyorwa chino chichapa tsananguro iri nyore kunzwisisa yekuti injini yedhiziri inoshanda sei uye zvikamu zvayo.
1. Mashandiro anoita Injini yeDziziri
Mainjini ese ekupisa mukati, kusanganisira mainjini edhiziri, anoshanda padanho re thermodynamic. Mainjini edhiziri anoshanda padanho reDiziri, iro rakasiyana nedanho reOtto rinoshandiswa nemainjini epeturu. Danho reDiziri rine matanho mana makuru: kupinza, kudzvanya, kupisa, uye kuburitsa mweya.
– Kupinda: Padanho rino, mweya wakachena unopinda mu cylinder kuburikidza nevharuvhu yekupinda sezvo piston ichifamba ichidzika. Kusiyana neinjini yepeturu, hapana musanganiswa wemafuta nemhepo padanho rino.
– Kudzvanya: Sezvo piston ichifamba ichikwira, mweya uri mu cylinder unodzvanywa kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha. Mumainjini edhiziri, chiyero chekudzvanya chakakwira zvikuru kupfuura mumainjini epeturu, kazhinji pakati pe14:1 na25:1.
– Kupisa: Kana piston yasvika padanho rayo guru panguva yekumanikidzwa, mafuta edhiziri anopinzwa mu cylinder kuburikidza ne injector. Mafuta aya anobva asangana nemhepo, iyo inenge yapisa zvikuru nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, uye kutsva kunoitika kamwe kamwe. Hapana spark yakagadzirwa se spark plug muinjini yepeturu.
– Exhaust: Magasi anobuda anodhonza piston pasi, achigadzira simba rinodhonza crankshaft. Magasi anobuda anodhonzwa kubva mucylinder kuburikidza nevharuvhu yekudhonza apo piston inofamba ichikwira zvakare.
2. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveInjini yeDziziri
Kuti unzwisise zvizere mashandiro einjini yedhiziri, kunzwisisa zvikamu zvayo zvikuru kwakakosha. Heano zvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha muinjini yedhiziri uye mabasa azvo:
– Cylinder Block: Chikamu chikuru cheinjini chine silinda, piston, uye nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemvura inotonhorera uye mafuta ekuzora.
– Pistoni: Chinhu chinofamba-famba kumusoro nekudzika musirindiri uye chinoita basa rekushandura simba kubva mukutsva kuita kufamba kwemuchina.
– Crankshaft (Crankshaft): Mugodhi unoshandura kufamba kwepiston nenzira yakatsetseka kuita kufamba kwekutenderera kunofambisa mavhiri emotokari kana michina.
– Camshaft (Camshaft): Ine basa rekugadzirisa kuvhurwa nekuvharwa kwemavharuvhu ekupinda nekubuda, kuburikidza nekufamba kunotenderera kunoshandurwa kuita kufamba kwakatwasuka nemaoko erocker (maoko ekutyaira).
– Injector: Chinhu chinoisa mafuta edhiziri mu cylinder nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti pave ne spray yakanaka, inobvira moto.
– Turbocharger: Injini zhinji dzedhiziri dzemazuva ano dzine turbocharger, iyo inoshandisa magasi ekuburitsa mweya kuti ipinde mumasilinda, zvichiita kuti iwedzere kushanda nesimba.
– Pombi yemafuta: Inotumira mafuta kubva mutangi kuenda kuinjector ine pressure yakakwira.
3. Hunhu Hukuru hweInjini dzeDiesel
Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoita kuti mainjini edhiziri asiyane neenjini dzepeturu, zvese pakugadzira uye mashandiro:
– Kushanda Nesimba Mukupisa: Injini dzedhiziri dzinoshanda zvakanyanya mukupisa kupfuura injini dzepeturu, nekuti chiyero chepamusoro chekumanikidzwa chinobvumira kupiswa kwakakwana.
– Torque Yakakwira paRow RPM: Injini dzedhiziri dzinoburitsa torque yakakwira paRow RPM yakaderera, izvo zvinoita kuti dzive dzakanakira mota dzinorema uye dzinorema.
– Kugara kwenguva refu uye Kutsungirira: Nekuti zvikamu zveinjini yedhiziri zvinowanzo simbiswa kuti zvikwanise kumira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, mainjini edhiziri anowanzo gara kwenguva refu.
– Kushandiswa kwemafuta: Mafuta edhiziri anodhura zvishoma pane peturu, kunyanya kana zvinhu zvakawanda zvichishandiswa kure.
4. Matambudziko Akajairika Nematambudziko Einjini Dzedhiziri
Kunyange zvazvo injini dzedhiziri dzine zvakanakira zvikuru, dzinewo zvimwe zvinetso zvekufunga nezvazvo:
– Utsi: Injini dzedhiziri dzinoburitsa NOx (nitrogen oxide) uye particulate matter (soot), izvo zvinoda masisitimu akaomarara ekuchenesa utsi akadai se catalytic converters uye DPF (Diesel Particulate Filters).
– Mari Yekugadzirisa: Kunyangwe dzakasimba, mainjini edhiziri anoda kugadziriswa kwakakosha uko kunogona kudhura zvakanyanya, kunyanya kune sisitimu yemafuta inoshanda nepressure yakakwira.
– Kushanda Munzvimbo Dzinotonhora: Injini dzedhiziri dzinogona kuoma kushanda munzvimbo dzinopisa zvakanyanya, zvichida mamwe masisitimu ekudziyisa akadai sema plug echiedza kuti zvive nyore kutanga.
5. Kugadzira hunyanzvi muTekinoroji yeInjini yeDhiziri
Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, mainjini edhiziri ari kuramba achiitwa zvinhu zvitsva zvakasiyana-siyana kuti awedzere kushanda zvakanaka, kushandisa mafuta zvakanaka, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Mamwe matekinoroji matsva anosanganisira:
– Common Rail Injection: Sisitimu yekupinza mafuta inoshandisa njanji ine simba guru pakugovera mafuta nenzira yakanyatsojeka uye inoshanda kupfuura masisitimu enguva dzose ekupinza mafuta.
– Turbocharging uye Supercharging: Kushandisa tekinoroji ye turbocharger ne supercharger hakungowedzere simba chete asiwo kushandisa mafuta zvakanaka nekushandisa gasi rinoburitsa mweya kuti riwedzere kupinda kwemhepo mu cylinder.
– Kuderedza Kubvisa Kukurudza (SCR): Tekinoroji yekuderedza kuburitswa kweNOx nekushandisa mvura yeAdBlue (urea) inopfapfaidzwa mugasi reutsi, iyo inozoshandurwa kuita nitrogen nemvura.
– Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT): Sisitimu ye turbocharger ine variable geometry inogadzirisa (inowedzera kana kuderedza) kuyerera kwegasi rinobuda mu turbocharger zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neinjini parizvino, zvichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kupindura.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita injini yedhiziri uye mashandiro ayo hakungopi ruzivo rwehunyanzvi chete asiwo kunzwisisa tekinoroji iripo uye iri kuchinja. Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezvakaoma pakutanga, nekudzidza chikamu chimwe nechimwe nemitemo yayo yekushanda, chero ani zvake anogona kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuti injini yedhiziri inoshanda sei zvinobudirira uye zvinogara kwenguva refu. Kune avo vanofarira indasitiri yemotokari kana indasitiri inorema, ruzivo urwu runokosha uye runogona kushanda sehwaro hwekuvandudza kushandiswa nekugadzirisa mainjini edhiziri.
