Kushandisa Zvimisikidzo zveEquilibrium muKuverenga
Pendauluan
Kuenzana kwemakemikari ipfungwa huru mukemistri inotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu apo mafambiro emberi neaseri anoitika pamwero mumwe chete, zvekuti huwandu hwezvinokonzeresa uye zvigadzirwa zvinoramba zvakafanana nekufamba kwenguva. Imwe yenzira huru dzekunzwisisa kuenzana ndeyekushandisa equilibrium constant (K).
Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mashandisirwo e equilibrium constant mukuverenga zvakadzama. Tichakurukura maverengerwo e K, mashandisirwo ayo mukuverenga e equilibrium concentration, uye kuti zvinhu zvekunze zvinogona sei kukanganisa equilibrium.
Kunzwisisa Kuenzana Kunogara
Chinokwana che equilibrium, K, inhamba inoratidza nzvimbo ye equilibrium ye chemical reaction. Ndiyo chiyero chehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nehuwandu hwe reactants, chimwe nechimwe chakasimudzwa kusvika kusimba rinoenderana ne stoichiometric coefficient yayo mu chemical equation.
Semuenzaniso, nezvemhinduro:
\[aA + bB \rightleftharpoons cC + dD\]
Chimiro che equilibrium ndechekuti:
\[K = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b}\]
Pano, \([A]\), \([B]\), \([C]\), uye \([D]\) ndiwo maverengerwo e equilibrium e reactants ne products, nepo \(a\), \(b\), \(c\), uye \(d\) ari ma coefficients echinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mu reaction.
Kuverenga Nguva Yokuenzana
Kuti tiverenge K, tinoda kuwanda kwezvinhu pa equilibrium. Semuenzaniso, kune fungidziro yekare, kana tichiziva kuwanda kwaA, B, C, naD pa equilibrium, tinogona kungotsiva izvi mu equation kuna K.
Muenzaniso:
Ngatitii tine maitiro anotevera pane imwe tembiricha:
\[2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)\]
Kana tichienzanisa, tine:
\[[SO_2] = 0.2 \, \mashoko{M}\]
\[[O_2] = 0.1 \, \mashoko{M}\]
\[[SO_3] = 0.4 \, \mashoko{M}\]
Chimiro che equilibrium chichaverengerwa seizvi:
\[K = \frac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2 [O_2]} = \frac{(0.4)^2}{(0.2)^2 (0.1)} = \frac{0.16}{0.004} = 40\]
Kushandisa K Kufanotaura Kuisa Pfungwa Pamwe Chete
Kana kukosha kweK kwangozivikanwa, tinogona kukushandisa kuona huwandu hwechinhu chiri mu equilibrium system.
Muenzaniso:
Funga nezvemhinduro yacho:
\[H_2(g) + I_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2HI(g)\]
Na \(K = 50\) uye maitiro anotanga nekuwanda kwekutanga:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 \, \mashoko{M}\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 \, \mashoko{M}\]
\[[HI] = 0 \, \mashoko{M}\]
Ngationei kuti zvinhu zviri muchiyero chakaenzana sei.
Kutanga, tsanangura shanduko muhuwandu kana kuenzana kwasvika. Ngatitii \(x\) ive molarity yeH_2 neI_2 zvinoita, wobva wati:
Pakuenzana:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 – x\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 – x\]
\[[HI] = 2x\]
Shandisa K kugadzira equation ye equilibrium:
\[K = \frac{[HI]^2}{[H_2][I_2]} = 50\]
\[\frac{(2x)^2}{(1.0 – x)(1.0 – x)} = 50\]
\[ \frac{4x^2}{(1.0 – x)^2} = 50\]
\[4x^2 = 50(1.0 – x)^2\]
\[4x^2 = 50(1.0 – 2x + x^2)\]
\[4x^2 = 50 – 100x + 50x^2\]
Gadzirisa kuti ugadzire equation yequadratic:
\[50x^2 – 4x^2 – 100x + 50 = 0\]
\[46x^2 – 100x + 50 = 0\]
Shandisa fomura yequadratic kugadzirisa \(x\):
\[x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}\]
Ne \(a = 46\), \(b = -100\), uye \(c = 50\):
\[x = \frac{100 \pm \sqrt{10000 – 9200}}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{100 \pm \sqrt{800}}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{100 \pm 28.28}{92}\]
\[x = \frac{128.28}{92} \text{ or } x = \frac{71.72}{92}\]
\[x = 1.395 \chinyorwa{ kana } x = 0.779\]
Mhinduro \(x = 0.779\) chete ndiyo inoshanda nekuti huwandu hwacho hahugone kudarika huwandu hwekutanga.
Saka kuenzana kwe equilibrium kunova:
\[[H_2] = 1.0 – 0.779 = 0.221 \, \text{M}\]
\[[I_2] = 1.0 – 0.779 = 0.221 \, \text{M}\]
\[[HI] = 2(0.779) = 1.558 \, \text{M}\]
Kupesvedzera Kwezvinhu Zvinokonzera Nharaunda
Zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, kumanikidzwa, uye kuyera zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuenzana. Nheyo yaLe Chatelier inobatsira kufanotaura kuti hurongwa huri pakuenzana huchapindura sei shanduko dzekunze:
1. Kuchinja kweKukosha: Kuwedzera kana kubvisa chimwe chezvinokonzeresa kana zvigadzirwa kuchaita kuti sisitimu ifambe kuti idzorere kuenzana zvichienderana neK.
2. Kuchinja kweDzvinyiriro: Masisitimu ane gasi achaedza kuderedza kana kuwedzera kumanikidzwa nekuchinja huwandu hwemamorekuru egasi.
3. Kuchinja kweTembiricha: K ichachinja kana tembiricha ikachinjwa. Pakuita kwe endothermic (kunotora kupisa), kuwedzera kwetembiricha kuchawedzera K, nepo pakuita kwe exothermic (kuburitsa kupisa), kuwedzera kwetembiricha kuchaderedza K.
Mhedziso
Chimiro che equilibrium chishandiso chakakosha pakuongorora nekufanotaura maitiro emakemikari pa equilibrium. Nekunzwisisa kwakanaka kweK, tinogona kuverenga nzvimbo ye equilibrium uye kunzwisisa simba rezvinhu zvekunze pa equilibrium reactions. Kushandisa misimboti iyi kunotibvumira kudzora makemikari mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri nemarabhoritari.
