Mhando dzeMajekiseni uye Zvirongwa zveKudzivirira Vacheche
Majekiseni ndeimwe yemabasa makuru mukurapa kwemazuva ano, ane basa rekuponesa mamiriyoni evanhu nekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira. Kune vacheche, avo vari panjodzi huru yekubatwa nezvirwere zvakakomba, majekiseni chinhu chakakosha pakurapwa kwekutanga. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzemajekiseni uye hurongwa hwemajekiseni hunokurudzirwa kuvacheche.
Mhando dzeMajekiseni
Majekiseni anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzinoshandiswa kukurudzira mhinduro yemuviri kuzvirwere. Heino tarisiro yakanyanya yemhando huru:
1. Majekiseni Anodzivirirwa Mhenyu:
Majekiseni anodzivirira chirwere ari mupenyu anoshandisa rudzi rusina simba rwehutachiona hunokonzera chirwere. Nekuti anotevedzera hutachiona hwechisikigo, anowanzo kupa dziviriro yakasimba uye inogara kwenguva refu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira majekiseni eMMR (gwirikwiti, mumps, uye rubella) uye majekiseni evaricella (chickenpox). Kunyange hazvo majekiseni ari mupenyu achishanda zvakanaka, haawanzo kupihwa kune vanhu vane masoja ekudzivirira chirwere ari munjodzi.
2. Majekiseni Asina Kushanda:
Majekiseni asina kushanda anoshandisa marudzi akaurayiwa ejekiseni. Haapi dziviriro yakasimba semajekiseni ari mupenyu, zvinoreva kuti ungangoda madosi akawanda nekufamba kwenguva (booster shots) kuti uwane dziviriro inoenderera mberi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira polio (IPV) uye hepatitis A.
3. Mishonga yekudzivirira miviri, mishonga yekudzivirira inosanganiswa, mishonga yePolysaccharide, uye mishonga yekudzivirira yakasanganiswa:
Majekiseni aya anoshandisa zvidimbu zvejekiseni—senge protein, shuga, kana capsid (chivharo chakakomberedza jekiseni). Nekuti majekiseni aya anoshandisa zvikamu zvejekiseni chete, anopa simba rakasimba rekudzivirira muviri rakatarisa zvikamu zvakakosha zvejekiseni. HPV nemushonga wehepatitis B mienzaniso yerudzi urwu.
4. Majekiseni eToxoid:
Majekiseni aya anodzivirira zvirwere zvenhengo dzehutachiona dzinokonzera chirwere panzvimbo pehutachiona pachahwo. Anoshandiswa kudzivirira zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehupfu hwebhakitiriya (chepfu) hunokonzera chirwere. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mushonga weDTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, uye pertussis).
5. Mishonga yekudzivirira mRNA:
Nzira itsva, majekiseni e mRNA anoshandisa messenger RNA kugadzira mhinduro yemuviri. Inodzidzisa masero maitiro ekugadzira puroteni inokonzeresa mhinduro yemuviri, zvichivaka dziviriro yemuviri. Majekiseni e COVID-19 (Pfizer neModerna) ndiwo mienzaniso mikuru. Majekiseni aya anoshanda zvikuru uye anogona kugadzirwa nekukurumidza.
6. Mishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene:
Majekiseni aya anoshandisa hutachiona hwakasiyana senzira yekuendesa majini kubva kuhutachiona hunokonzera chirwere. Izvi zvinobva zvagadzira mapuroteni anokonzera mhinduro yemuviri kumuviri. Mushonga weJohnson & Johnson COVID-19 muenzaniso.
Zvirongwa zveKudzivirira Vacheche
Majekiseni ekudzivirira vana vachiri vadiki akakosha pakudzivirira vacheche kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) neWorld Health Organization (WHO) vanopa hurongwa hwakazara hwekudzivirira vacheche. Heino purogiramu yakajairika yekudzivirira:
1. Kuzvarwa:
– Jekiseni reHepatitis B (HepB):
Mushonga wekutanga wekudzivirira chirwere cheHepB unopiwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuzvarwa. Mushonga uyu unodzivirira kubva kuhepatitis B, chirwere chakakomba chechiropa.
2. Mwedzi miviri:
– Diphtheria, Tetanus, uye Acellular Pertussis (DTaP):
Mushonga uyu unodzivirira zvirwere zvitatu zvakakomba zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya: diphtheria, tetanus, uye pertussis (chikosoro chinoputika).
– Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib):
Mushonga uyu unokosha pakudzivirira meningitis, pneumonia, uye epiglottitis.
– Poriyo (IPV):
Inopihwa sechikamu chejekiseni rekudzivirira chirwere chepoliovirus risina kushanda, rinodzivirira kubva kuporiyo, chirwere chinotapukira zvikuru chinogona kukonzera kuoma mitezo.
– Mushonga wePneumococcal Conjugate (PCV):
Mushonga uyu unobatsira kudzivirira chirwere chepneumococcal, chinogona kukonzera pneumonia, meningitis, uye hutachiona hweropa.
- Jekiseni reRotavirus:
Mushonga uyu wekudzivirira chirwere cherotavirus, chinova ndicho chinokonzera manyoka akanyanya pakati pevacheche nevana vadiki.
3. Mwedzi miviri:
- Dose Yechipiri:
Majekiseni akafanana anopiwa pazera remwedzi miviri (DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV, uye Rotavirus) anopiwa zvakare kusimbisa dziviriro yemuviri yemwana.
4. Mwedzi miviri:
- Dosi Yechitatu:
Imwe nzira yeDTaP, Hib, IPV, uye PCV inopiwa.
- Jekiseni reFuruwenza:
Zvinokurudzirwa kuti vana vawane mushonga wavo wekutanga wekudzivirira furuwenza panguva ino, vozoteverwa nemushonga wechipiri mushure memavhiki mana, uye wozopihwa gore rega rega.
5. Mwedzi 6-18:
– Hepatitis B (HepB):
Dose yechipiri inopihwa mukati mechikamu ichi.
– Dose yechitatu kana yechina:
Mamwe madosi eIPV anogona kudiwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwejekiseni riri kushandiswa.
6. Mwedzi 12-15:
– MMR (Guruve, Mumps, uye Rubella):
Mushonga wekutanga wekudzivirira chirwere cheMMR unopihwa kudzivirira zvirwere izvi zvitatu.
– Jekiseni reVaricella (Huku Pox):
Inopihwa kudzivirira chickenpox.
– Jekiseni reHepatitis A (HepA):
Mushonga wekutanga wekudzivirira HepA unokurudzirwa, uye mumwe mushonga wechipiri unozotevera mushure memwedzi mitanhatu.
7. Mwedzi 15-18:
- DTaP:
Mushonga weDTaP unowedzerwa kuti urambe uchidzivirirwa kubva ku diphtheria, tetanus, uye pertussis.
8. Mwedzi 18-24:
– Hepatitis A (Hepatitis A):
Dose yechipiri inopihwa mukati mechikamu ichi.
Kukosha Kwekudzivirira
Majekiseni akakosha zvikuru nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda:
1. Kusadzivirira Kurwara Kweboka:
Kana chikamu chikuru chevanhu chikabayiwa nhomba yekudzivirira chirwere chinotapukira, zvinoderedza mukana wekupararira kwechirwere ichi. Kusadzivirira chirwere ichi kunobatsira kudzivirira avo vasingakwanise kubaiwa nhomba, vakaita sevana vachangoberekwa nevanhu vane mamwe matambudziko ehutano.
2. Kudzivirira Kupararira kwezvirwere:
Majekiseni anobatsira kudzivirira kubuda kwezvirwere zvinogona kudzorwa kana kupedzwa, zvichideredza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvakaita seporiyo negwirikwiti.
3. Kuderedza Kufa Nezvirwere:
Kubaya majekiseni kunoderedza zvakanyanya kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinouraya uye zvinopedza simba, zvichivandudza nguva yekurarama uye kunaka kwehupenyu.
4. Mabhenefiti Ehupfumi:
Kubaya majekiseni kunochengetedza mari nekuderedza mari yekurapwa uye kuwedzera kugona kwevashandi nekudzivirira zvirwere.
mhedziso
Kubaiwa nhomba chinhu chakakosha muhutano hwevana, zvichipa dziviriro kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa kuvacheche nevana vadiki. Nekutevedzera hurongwa hwekudzivirira hunokurudzirwa, vabereki vanogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti vana vavo vanowana dziviriro yavanoda mumakore avo ekusagadzikana. Kunzwisisa mhando dzemajekiseni nehurongwa hwadzo kwakakosha pakuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezvehutano hwemwana. Gara uchibvunza vanopa hutano kuti uwane mazano ekudzivirira akanyatsogadzirwa uye emazuva ano.
