Mashandisirwo ePlatinum Metal muIndasitiri yeMakemikari
Platinum (Pt) isimbi inokosha inoita basa guru muindasitiri yemakemikari yemazuva ano. Kunyangwe ichizivikanwa zvakanyanya sechishongo chinokosha, kushandiswa kukuru kweplatinum kunowanikwa muindasitiri, kunyanya nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana: kuramba ngura, kugadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye chinobatsira zvikuru. Mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari, platinum inowanzova "moyo" wekuita nekuti inogona kukurumidzisa kuita pasina kudyiwa. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandisirwo esimbi yeplatinum muindasitiri yemakemikari, ichifukidza mashandisirwo ayo makuru, zvikonzero zvehunyanzvi zvekusarudzwa kwayo, uye matambudziko nemikana yekushandiswa kwayo.
Hunhu hwePlatinum Hunobatsira Indasitiri yeMakemikari
Kubatsira kwePlatinum kunobva muhunhu hwayo hwepanyama nemakemikari. Chekutanga, platinum ine simba rekudzivirira ngura. Maitiro mazhinji emaindasitiri anosanganisira maasidhi akasimba, maoxidizing agents, kana nzvimbo dzinoita reactive dzinogona kukuvadza simbi dzakajairika. Platinum inoramba yakagadzikana mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera michina kana zvikamu zvinoshanda kwenguva yakareba. Chechipiri, platinum ine nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kwepamusoro (inenge 1.768 °C). Izvi zvinoibvumira kutsungirira kushanda kwekupisa kwakanyanya pasina kurasikirwa nesimba nekukurumidza. Chechitatu, platinum chinhu chinobatsira zvikuru kune akasiyana-siyana maoxidation uye hydrogenation reactions. Kunyudzwa kwayo pamusoro pemamorekuru ereactant kunowedzera reaction rates, nokudaro zvichivandudza kugadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba.
Platinum seCatalyst mukugadzirwa kweNitric Acid (Ostwald Process)
Imwe yenzira huru dzekushandisa platinum muindasitiri yemakemikari ndeyekukonzera kugadzirwa kwe nitric acid (HNO₃) kuburikidza neOstwald Process. Maitiro aya anotanga nekuoxidation yeammonia (NH₃) kuenda kunitrogen monoxide (NO) pakupisa kwakanyanya uchishandisa platinum gauze catalyst, inowanzo sanganiswa nerhodium (Pt-Rh). Mhinduro huru ndeiyi:
4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 H₂O Hapana + 6 H₂O
NO inobva yasanganiswa kuita NO₂ uye pakupedzisira inonyudzwa mumvura kuti igadzire nitric acid. Platinum catalysts dzakakosha nekuti dzinopa shanduko yepamusoro uye sarudzo, zvichikonzera zvigadzirwa zvine kushanda zvakanaka mumaindasitiri. Pasina catalyst chaiyo, reaction yacho inoenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma uye inogadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvisingadiwe. Fetereza, zvinoputika, uye maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anoshandiswa zvakanyanya anovimba ne nitric acid, zvichiita kuti basa replatinum risina kunanga rive rinokosha muketani yepasi rose yemakemikari.
Platinum Catalyst muKugadzirisa Maitiro uye Kugadzirwa kweHydrogen
Mumaindasitiri emafuta nemakemikari epasi rose, platinum inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechinhu chinobatsira mukugadzirisa, kunyanya kuwedzera octane rating yepeturu uye kugadzira aromatic compounds. Mukugadzirisa zvinhu zvine simba, platinum inowanzo tsigirwa paalumina (Pt/Al₂O₃) uye inobatsira kuita zvinhu zvakaita sekubvisa hydrogen, isomerization, uye cyclization. Kuwedzera pakuvandudza mhando yemafuta, maitiro aya anogadzirawo hydrogen sechinhu chinobva pairi, icho chakakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari.
Hydrogen ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira ammonia (Haber-Bosch Process), methanol, uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehydrogenation. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita kudiwa kwehydrogen—kwese kumaindasitiri uye kuchinja kwesimba—macatalyst akavakirwa paplatinum achiri chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza maitiro ekugadzira nekuchenesa hydrogen, kunyangwe indasitiri iri kuramba ichigadzira mamwe macatalyst akachipa.
Basa rePlatinum muHydrogenation uye Oxidation Reactions muFine Chemical Industry
Mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akanaka, mishonga, uye mamwe mapetrochemicals, platinum inowanzo shandiswa sechinhu chinokurudzira hydrogenation (kuwedzera hydrogen) uye kudzora oxidation reactions. Semuenzaniso, mune mamwe maitiro, platinum inobatsira kushandura macompounds asina kuguta kuita akazara ane sarudzo yakakwira. Platinum catalysts inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemamwe makemikari ari pakati anoda mamiriro ekuita akachena, akagadzikana, uye anogona kudzokororwa.
Zvakanakira Platinum munzvimbo iyi kugadzikana kwayo uye kugona kwayo kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu "ane hushamwari" zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzera njodzi, nokudaro zvichideredza kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa. Muindasitiri yemakemikari akanaka, kusarudza chinhu chakakosha nekuti kunokanganisa mutengo wekugadzirisa chigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Kana chinhu chinokonzera njodzi chikanyanya kusarudzwa, marara mashoma uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro acho kwakawedzera.
Platinum yeMidziyo yeLabhoritari uye Zvikamu zveMaitiro eMakemikari
Kunze kwekushandiswa kwayo sechinokonzeresa, platinum inoshandiswawo muchimiro chesimbi kana alloy sechinhu chemimwe michina nekuda kwekusagona kwayo kumakemikari ane simba. Mumarabhoritari nemaindasitiri, platinum inogona kuwanikwa muzvirongo zvekuongorora tembiricha yepamusoro, maerekitirodhi, uye michina inoda zvinhu zvisina simba. Mune mamwe mashandisirwo akanyanya - semuenzaniso, kuongorora makemikari kunoda midziyo inodzivirira kupisa uye isingashande - platinum isarudzo yakanaka, pasinei nemutengo wayo wakakwira.
Muindasitiri, platinum inogona kushandiswa mumasensa kana muzvikamu zvechishandiso. Semuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi ethermocouples anoshandisa platinum nekuda kwesimba rayo remagetsi rakagadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichibatsira mukuyera tembiricha nemazvo mumareactor kana mumaovheni emaindasitiri. Kururama uku kwekuyera kwakakosha nekuti maitiro mazhinji emakemikari anonyanya kukanganiswa nekushanduka kwetembiricha.
Electrochemistry: Platinum muElectrode Reaction-Based Process uye Technologies
Mu electrochemistry, platinum inozivikanwa se electrode yakanaka kwazvo nekuda kwehunhu hwayo husina simba uye kufambisa kwakakwirira. Ma electrode eplatinum anoshandiswa mukuyedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwe electrolysis, masero e electrochemical, uye maitiro emaindasitiri anoda zvinhu zve electrode zvisinganyunguduke uye zvinodzivirira ngura. Mune mamwe maitiro, ma electrode eplatinum anobatsira kuchengetedza kuchena kwechigadzirwa nekudzivirira kuburitswa kwema ions esimbi anogona kusvibisa zvigadzirwa zve reaction.
Kunyangwe kushandiswa kweplatinum mumagetsi emagetsi emaindasitiri kuchikwikwidzana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita se noble metal oxide-coated titanium, platinum inoramba yakakosha mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara kana kana paine kugadzikana kwakanyanya.
Matambudziko ekushandiswa kwePlatinum: Mutengo, Kuwanikwa, uye Kudzokorodza
Zvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakushandiswa kweplatinum mutengo wayo wakakwira uye kuwanikwa kwayo kushoma. Platinum isimbi isingawanzo kuwanikwa, uye kugadzirwa kwayo kwakawanda munzvimbo dzakati wandei, zvichiita kuti kuwanikwa kwayo kuve panjodzi yekukanganisika kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kushanduka kwemusika. Nokudaro, indasitiri yemakemikari iri kushanda kuderedza kurasikirwa kweplatinum uye kuwedzera kushanda kwayo, semuenzaniso nekugadzira macatalyst akatetepa, kuwedzera dzimwe simbi mu alloy, kana kushandisa catalyst supports kuwedzera nzvimbo inoshanda pamusoro.
Kudzokorodza ipfungwa inokosha. Semuenzaniso, muPt-Rh mesh catalysts inoshandiswa muOstwald process, kurasikirwa kweplatinum kunogona kuitika nekuda kwekubuda kwemvura kana kukweshwa pakupisa kwakanyanya. Maindasitiri anowanzoisa masisitimu ekubata mvura anounganidza zvidimbu zveplatinum kuti zvidzokorodzwe. Iyi tsika haingoderedzi mari chete asiwo inotsigira kuchengetedzeka uye inoderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Nzira yeKuvandudza: Kushanda Nesimba kweCatalyst uye Zvimwe Zvishandiso
Sezvo kudiwa kwemaindasitiri kuchikwira uye kumanikidzwa kuderedza mitengo kuchikwira, tsvakiridzo iri kuramba ichigadzira dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu zvinoderedza mutengo kana kuderedza huwandu hweplatinum inodiwa. Semuenzaniso, Catalyst nanotechnology inobvumira kushandiswa kweplatinum muhuwandu hushoma asi ine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo, nokudaro ichichengetedza basa guru rekugadzira zvinhu zvinogadzira zvinhu. Uyezve, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogadzira zvinhu zvichibva pane dzimwe simbi dzakadai senickel, cobalt, kana mamwe ma mixed oxides kuri kuitwawo, kunyange zvazvo platinum ichiri yakaoma kutsiva kune mamwe maitiro anoda kugadzikana kwakanyanya uye kusarudza kwakasimba.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kudiwa kwemaitiro emakemikari asingakuvadzi nharaunda kuri kukurudzira kugadziriswa kwezvinokonzera platinum kuti zvishande nesimba rakaderera, zvigadzire marara mashoma, uye zvivandudze hupfumi hwemaatomu. Nokudaro, platinum inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha pakuvandudza tekinoroji yemaitiro.
Mhedziso
Mashandisirwo esimbi yeplatinum muindasitiri yemakemikari akawanda uye akakosha, kunyanya senzira yekukonzera kugadzirwa kwe nitric acid, kugadzirisa catalytic, uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehydrogenation uye oxidation. Kunze kwebasa rayo re catalytic, platinum inoshandiswawo mumidziyo ye process nemidziyo inoda ngura uye kugadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya. Pasinei nekutarisana nematambudziko akadai semutengo wakakwira uye kuwanikwa kushoma, indasitiri iri kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kuburikidza nekugadzira catalyst inoshanda zvakanaka, masisitimu ekubata kurasikirwa kwesimbi, uye mapurogiramu ekugadzirisa zvakare. Nehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana, platinum icharamba iri chikamu chakakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari, zvese kune maitiro makuru uye mashandisirwo emakemikari akanaka anoda kunyatsorongeka uye kusarudza zvakanyanya.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita mazwi chiuru (pari zvino chave pedyo), kuwedzera bhuku rezvinyorwa, kana kugadzira shanduro yesainzi ine zvirevo zvakakwana uye maequations ekuita.
