Mhando dzeSimbi Dzinoshandiswa Mukugadzira Zvikamu zveKombuta
Makombuta atinoshandisa zuva nezuva anoita semuunganidzwa wakajeka wemagetsi: kesi, sikirini, kiibhodhi, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zviri mukati. Zvisinei, pasi pezvose izvi pane "musana" wezvinhu zvinochengetedza mudziyo wakasimba, wakasimba, uye uchikwanisa kufambisa magetsi nekupisa zvakanaka. Rimwe remapoka akakosha ezvinhu mukugadzira zvikamu zvekombuta isimbi. Simbi dzinosarudzwa nekuda kwekushanda kwadzo zvakanaka kwemagetsi nekupisa, simba remakanika, kugona kuchinjika, uye kuramba ngura (zvichienderana nerudzi). Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mhando dzesimbi dzinowanzoshandiswa muzvikamu zvekombuta, mabasa adzo, uye kuti nei dziri sarudzo huru yeindasitiri.
1. Mhangura
Mhangura isimbi yakafanana nenyika yezvemagetsi. Chikonzero chacho chakajeka: mhangura ine simba guru remagetsi, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kufambisa magetsi zvinobudirira uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba. Mumakombiyuta, mhangura inonyanya kuwanikwa mu:
– Makwara ari paPCB (Printed Circuit Board): Makwara emhangura anoumba "zvisaririra" zvinobatanidza zvikamu zvemagetsi.
– Matambo nezvinobatanidza: Matambo emagetsi, tambo dzedata, nezvinobatanidza zvinowanzoshandisa cores dzemhangura.
– Heatsink ne heat pipe: Nekuti mhangura ine high thermal conductivity, inofambisa kupisa kubva kuCPU/GPU kuenda kumafins ekutonhodza.
Dambudziko remhangura nderekuti mutengo wayo wakakwira kupfuura aruminiyamu uye huremu hwayo hunorema. Zvisinei, kuti pave nezvinodiwa zvakakwana zvekupisa uye simba remagetsi, mhangura inoramba iriyo yakajairika.
2. Aruminiyamu
Aruminiyamu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti yakareruka, yakasimba, isingadhuri zvakanyanya, uye inodzivirira ngura zvakanaka (nekuda kweganda rayo re oxide). Mumidziyo yemakombiyuta, aruminiyamu inowanzoshandiswa mu:
– Mabhokisi eLaptop nePC: Anopa simba rekuvaka pasina kuwedzera huremu hwakawandisa.
– Heatsink: Kunyangwe kupisa kwayo kuri pasi pemhangura, aruminiyamu inogadzirwa zviri nyore kuita mapepi matete anowedzera nzvimbo yekuparadza kupisa.
– Mafuremu nemabhureki ezvikamu: Semuenzaniso, magadzirirwo eHDD/SSD kana mafuremu ePSU.
Nekuda kwekuwirirana pakati pekushanda kwekupisa, mutengo, uye huremu, aruminiyamu yave simbi inonyanya kufarirwa pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri emakomputa emazuva ano, kunyanya malaptop.
3. Ndarama
Ndarama inozivikanwa sesimbi inokosha, asi basa rayo mumakombiyuta harisi "reumbozha" chete. Ndarama inoshandiswa nekuti:
- Kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka
- Inodzivirira zvakanyanya ngura uye oxidation
– Kubata magetsi kwenguva refu kwakasimba
Goridhe rinowanzo kuwanikwa rakatetepa (gold plating) pama connector pins, akadai se RAM connectors, PCIe slots, mamwe ma cable connectors, uye CPU contacts. Kana connector contacts dzikaora nyore nyore, signal interference inogona kuitika, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso, uye kutodzivirira kuti mudziyo usaonekwe. Gold plating inobatsira kuchengetedza mhando yekubatana kwemagetsi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinosangana nekukakavadzana kakawanda panguva yekuisa nekubvisa.
4. Sirivha
Sirivha ndiyo inonyanya kufambiswa nemagetsi pakati pesimbi, zviri nani kupfuura mhangura. Zvisinei, inodhura zvakanyanya uye inogona kusviba (kusviba) nekuda kwekuita kwesarufa mumhepo. Pasinei neizvi, sirivha ichiri kushandiswa mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita se:
- Mamwe mapesta anofambisa mhepo uye anosonesa
- Kubata magetsi kunoshanda zvakanyanya
- Mamwe machira kana zvikamu mune zvimwe zvishandiso zvinoda kusimba kwakaderera.
Kazhinji muzvikamu zvemakombiyuta, sirivha haiwanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya semhangura kana aruminiyamu nekuda kwemitengo.
5. Tin
Tin inoita basa guru mukusungirirwa. Solder ndiyo simbi inobatanidza zvikamu zvemagetsi kumabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa. Kare, solder yaive ne lead yakawanda, asi indasitiri yemagetsi ikozvino yachinja kuenda kune solder dzisina lead, idzo dzinowanzo kuve dzakagadzirwa netin nemusanganiswa wedzimwe simbi dzakadai sesirivha nemhangura.
Makomputa emazuva ano ane zviuru zvemajoini e solder, kunyanya pama motherboards nemakadhi emifananidzo. Hunhu hwe solder hwakakosha kuti mudziyo ugare wakavimbika: kusabatanidzwa zvakanaka kwe solder kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwekubatana (kunyanya kubva mukupisa nekutonhora), zvichikonzera matambudziko akadai sekuti "hapana display," kudzoserwa kwemidziyo kakawanda, kana kukundikana kamwe kamwe kwe port.
6. Nickel
Nickel inowanzoshandiswa sechinodzivirira uye chinosimbisa zvinhu zvakawanda. Basa rayo guru nderekuwedzera kuramba ngura uye kuvandudza hunhu hwepamusoro. Mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwenickel muzvikamu zvemakombiyuta inosanganisira:
– Kuisa puratifomu pachinobatanidza (kazhinji sechikamu chepasi pamberi pegoridhe)
- Kuputira pa heatsink kana zvimwe zvikamu kudzivirira oxidation
- Musanganiswa wesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana
Nickel inokoshawo muindasitiri ye electroplating, sezvo ichibatsira kugadzira nzvimbo dzakasimba uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
7. Simbi neSimbi (Simbi neSimbi)
Kunyangwe makomputa achinzi "zvinhu zvidiki zvemagetsi," chimiro chawo chinoshandisa zvakanyanya simbi nesimbi. Simbi isimbi ine kabhoni yakawedzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu kuti iwedzere simba. Mumakomputa, simbi inowanzo shandiswa pa:
- Furemu yekesi yePC yedesktop
- Zvikushi, mabhureki, uye zvinodzivirira zvikamu
- Zvikamu zvemukati zvePSU (Power Supply Unit)
Simbi/simbi ine zvayakanakira kana tichitarisa kusimba kwayo uye mutengo wayo, kunyangwe ichirema uye inogona kukuvadzwa nengura kana ikasiyiwa isina kuputirwa. Saka, zvikamu zvesimbi zvinowanzopendwa, kupendwa negirazi, kana zvimwe zvinoputirwa.
8. Zingi
Zinc inowanzoshandiswa sechidziviriro chekudzivirira (galvanization) pasimbi kudzivirira ngura. Inoshandiswawo muzviumbwa zvakaita se:
– Ndarira: chiumbwa chemhangura ne zinc, chinowanzoshandiswa mu screws, motherboard standoffs, uye mamwe ma connectors nekuti chakasimba uye hachigoni ngura.
– Die-casting alloy (semuenzaniso Zamak): inoshandiswa pazvinhu zvidiki zvinoda maumbirwo chaiwo, simba rakakwana, uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kusingadhuri.
Zinc haiwanzo "onekwa" nemushandisi, asi inobatsira zvikuru pakugara kwenguva refu kwechinhu ichi uye hupenyu hwacho.
9. Cobalt
Cobalt inowanzo kurukurwa kana tichitarisa mabhatiri, kunyanya mumabhatiri e lithium-ion anoshandiswa mumalaptop. Mamwe ma bhatiri anoshandisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa ne cobalt (semuenzaniso, LCO kana NMC) kuti awedzere kugadzikana uye huwandu hwesimba. Kunyange zvazvo isiri "simbi" muchimiro chechimiro chakaita seskeleton, cobalt chinhu chakakosha chezvinhu zvemagetsi zvebhatiri.
Nekuda kwekusagadzikana uye matambudziko ekuchera migodhi ane hunhu hwakanaka, indasitiri iyi inoramba ichigadzira mabhatiri ane cobalt shoma, asi cobalt ichiri chinhu chakakosha mumabhatiri mazhinji.
10. Tantalum (Tantalum)
Tantalum inowanzoshandiswa muma capacitor e tantalum, zvinhu zvidiki zvinochengeta nekudzikamisa kuchaja kwemagetsi. Rudzi urwu rwe capacitor runozivikanwa ne:
- Saizi diki ine kugona kukuru
– Yakagadzikana pane dzimwe tembiricha
- Yakavimbika kune macircuit emagetsi
Ma capacitor eTantalum anowanikwa muma motherboard, makadhi emifananidzo, uye zvishandiso zve compact computing. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuti tantalum ine chekuita nematambudziko e "conflict minerals" (mune dzimwe nzira dzekutengesa), vagadziri vakuru vanowanzova nemitemo yakaoma yekutsvaga zvinhu.
Penutup
Kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvemakombiyuta kunosanganisira tekinoroji yepamusoro uye kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakananga. Mhangura inobudirira pakufambisa magetsi uye kutamisa kupisa, aruminiyamu yakakodzera zvivakwa zvakareruka uye masinki ekupisa, goridhe nenickel zvinochengetedza hukama hwemhando yepamusoro, tin inoumba musana wekusvetukira, uye simbi inopa simba remakanika kune chassis. Simbi dzakadai secobalt netantalum, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinoita basa rakakosha mumabhatiri nekutsigira zvikamu zvemagetsi. Kunzwisisa mhando dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa mumakombiyuta kunotibatsira kuona kuti zvishandiso zvedhijitari hazvisi "machipisi" chete uye "software," asiwo mabasa akaomarara einjiniya yezvinhu zveindasitiri.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chikamu chakatsaurirwa chinotsanangura simbi dziri pachikamu chimwe nechimwe (CPU, GPU, RAM, motherboard, SSD/HDD, PSU, uye case) kuti chinyorwa chive chakarongeka zvakanyanya semodule yekudzidza.
