T Lymphocytes uye Cellular Specific Immune Responses
Sisitimu yemuviri yemunhu ine masero nemamorekuru anoshanda pamwe chete kudzivirira muviri kubva kuhutachiona nezvirwere. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha cheiyi sisitimu iT lymphocytes, iyo inoita basa rakakosha mukupindura kwemasero chaiwo emuviri. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama kuti T lymphocytes chii, mashandiro adzo, uye kukosha kwadzo mukupindura kwemuviri.
Nhanganyaya kuT Lymphocytes
MaT lymphocytes rudzi rwemasero machena eropa iro riri chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri hunochinjika. Kusiyana nehurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri hwakasikwa nahwo, hunopa dziviriro yekutanga kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira, hurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri hunochinjika hunopa dziviriro yakajeka uye yakasimba mushure mekunge muviri wasangana nehutachiona. MaT lymphocytes anokura mumwongo wemapfupa, asi anokura mugland rethymus, riri kuseri kwepfupa rechipfuva, saka zita rekuti "T" mu "thymus."
Kune mhando mbiri huru dzeT lymphocytes zvichienderana nebasa radzo: masero eT anobatsira (Th) uye masero eT ane chepfu (Tc). Mhando mbiri idzi dzemasero dzine mabasa anobatsirana mukuchengetedza kusimba kwesimba remuviri rekudzivirira zvirwere.
Kushanda kweT Lymphocyte
Maitiro ekushanda kweT lymphocyte anotanga apo T-cell receptor (TCR) inoona zvidimbu zveantigen zvinounzwa nemamorekuru makuru ehistocompatibility complex (MHC) pamusoro pemasero anounza antigen (APCs) akadai semacrophages kana masero edendritic. Kudyidzana pakati peTCR neMHC-antigen complex ndiko kwakakosha pakuona kuti immune response chaiyo ndeyei.
Mushure mekuzivikanwa kweantigen, masero eT anoda chiratidzo chechipiri chekusimudzira costimulatory chinopihwa nekubatana kwemamorekuru pamusoro peAPC neT cell. Mushure mekunge zviratidzo zvese zvagamuchirwa chete ndipo apo T cell inotanga kushanda zvizere uye inotanga kuwanda nekuita mabasa ayo e effector.
Kushanda kweMaseru eT anobatsira uye ane chepfu
Masero eT Helper (Th): Masero eT Helper anoita basa rakakosha mukubatsira mamwe maitiro ekudzivirira muviri. Anoita izvi nekuburitsa ma cytokine, ayo ari mamorekuru ekutumira anozivisa mamwe masero ekudzivirira muviri. Masero eT Helper anopatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwe cytokine yaanogadzira uye mhinduro chaiyo yaanoita, senge Th1, Th2, Th17, uye Tregs (masero eT anotonga).
– Th1: Inogadzira ma cytokine akadai se interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ayo anobatsira ma macrophages uye akakosha mukupindura kuzvirwere zvinotapukira mukati memasero, zvakaita semamwe mavhairasi nemabhakitiriya.
– Th2: Inogadzira ma cytokine akadai se interleukin-4 (IL-4) ayo anoita basa guru mukurwisa hutachiona hwezvipembenene uye mukurwisa zvirwere nekukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemasero eB antibody.
– Th17: Inobatsira pakudzivirira mabhakitiriya nefungus zviri kunze kwemuviri, uye inobatsirawo pakukura kwezvirwere zve autoimmune.
– Tregs: Inobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza kushivirira kwemuviri uye kudzivirira autoimmunity nekupa zviratidzo zvinodzivirira kudzivirira kushanda kwakanyanya kwemamwe masero emuviri.
Masero eT ane chepfu (Tc): Masero aya ane simba rekuuraya masero emuviri ane utachiona, kunyanya mavhairasi. Kana angoshanda, anoziva masero ane chirwere kuburikidza neMHC class I inoratidza mapeptide ekune dzimwe nyika uye anoaparadza nekuburitsa mapuroteni ane chepfu akadai seperforin negranzymes.
Mhinduro Yekudzivirira Muviri Yemasero
Mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inoenderana nemasero inoreva kugona kwemuviri kurwisa nekuparadza utachiona kana masero ane hutachiona nemazvo. MaT lymphocytes anoita basa guru mukupindura uku, aine zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: kuziva maantigen zvakananga uye kutanga kuparadzwa kana kubviswa kwechinangwa.
Kana angoshanda, masero eT haangowandi chete asiwo anosiyana kuita masero e effector anogona kutamira kunzvimbo ine hutachiona. Masero aya e effector anoita mabasa akasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi uye hutachiona hwaanoziva. Semuenzaniso, masero eT ane cytotoxic anouraya zvakananga masero ane hutachiona, ukuwo masero eT anobatsira anomutsa mamwe masero ekudzivirira muviri kuti awedzere simba rekudzivirira muviri.
Pamusoro pezvo, masero eT anoitawo basa mukuvandudza ndangariro yekudzivirira muviri. Mamwe maT lymphocytes anoshandiswa anochinja-chinja kuita masero ekurangarira anogona kugara kwenguva yakareba mumuviri. Aya masero ekurangarira anogonesa mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri nekukurumidza uye inoshanda zvakanyanya pahutachiona hwechipiri hune pathogen imwecheteyo, nzira inoshandiswa mukugadzira majekiseni.
Zvinokonzera Hutano neZvirwere
Basa rinokosha reT lymphocytes mukupindura kwemuviri kunorevawo kuti dzakabatana zvakanyanya nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezvirwere. Kusashanda zvakanaka kweT cell, sekunge kushanda kusingadzoreki kana kutadza kuziva masero emuviri se 'awo,' kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zve autoimmune, umo masoja emuviri anorwisa nhengo dzemuviri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe mabhakitiriya, akadai sehutachiona hweHIV, anonyanya kurwisa masero eT anobatsira, zvichideredza simba remuviri wese. Kushaikwa kwemasero eT akakwana uye mashandiro awo kunoita kuti muviri uve panjodzi huru yekubatwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kudzorwa nevanhu vane masoja emuviri ane hutano.
Kurapa nekudzivirira muviri uchishandisa maT lymphocytes, akadai sekugadzirwa kweCAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell therapy, kwakaratidza kugona kurapa kenza dzakasiyana-siyana, nekushandura maT cell kuti arwise masero egomarara zvakananga.
Mhedziso
MaT lymphocytes chikamu chakakosha chesystem yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika, ine basa rekuziva nekuparadza hutachiona. Kuburikidza nekuoma kwemarudzi akasiyana anoshanda uye kugona kwavo kurangarira hutachiona, maT lymphocytes anopa dziviriro yakagadzirirwa uye inogara kwenguva refu. Kunzwisisa mashandiro eT lymphocytes hakungopi ruzivo nezvemabasa ekutanga esystem yekudzivirira muviri asiwo kunovhura nzira yekuvandudzwa kwemishonga mitsva yekurwisa zvirwere zvinotapukira, zvirwere zve autoimmune, uye kenza. Tsvakurudzo iri kuenderera mberi munzvimbo iyi inovimbisa nguva itsva mukutarisira varwere kunoshanda uye kwakasarudzika.
