Lymphocytes uye Mhinduro Yemuviri Yemuviri
Masisitimu emuviri wemunhu ndiwo akakosha pakudzivirira hutano hwemuviri kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapukira, zvinosanganisira mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye tupukanana. Mukati mesisitimu iyi yekudzivirira muviri, mune mhinduro chaiyo yekudzivirira muviri, umo malymphocyte anoita basa guru. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mashandiro emalymphocyte mumhinduro chaiyo yekudzivirira muviri uye kuti anobatsira sei pakudzivirira muviri.
Nhanganyaya kuSistimu Yemuviri Yekudzivirira Matumbu
Masisitimu ekudzivirira muviri akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri isina tsarukano (kana kuti yakaberekwa nayo) uye sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri isina tsarukano (kana inochinjika). Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri isina tsarukano ndiyo mhinduro yekutanga yekurwisa utachiona, asi haizivi utachiona hwacho. Kusiyana neizvi, sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri chaiyo yakagadzirirwa kuziva nekurangarira utachiona hwacho, zvichiita kuti hushande zvakanaka kwenguva refu.
Mhinduro chaiyo yekudzivirira muviri inosanganisira mamwe masero anozivikanwa semalymphocytes. MaLymphocytes masero machena eropa akakosha pakuziva nekupindura kune njodzi dzakati. Anoshanda kuburikidza nemapazi maviri makuru: humoral immunity uye cellular immunity.
Mhando dzeLymphocytes
Lymphocytes dzakakamurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana, imwe neimwe ine basa rayo:
1. B Lymphocytes (Masero eB)
MaB lymphocytes ndiwo anokonzera kusadzivirira kwemuviri, kureva kugadzirwa kwemaantibodies. Masero eB anoona maantigen kuburikidza nemareceptor akakosha ari pamusoro pawo. Mushure mekuziva antigen, masero eB anogona kushanduka kuita masero eplasma, ayo anogadzira maantibodies chaiwo kune antigen iyoyo. Maantibodies anobva abatana nehutachiona, achiaratidza kuti anofanira kuparadzwa nemamwe masero ekudzivirira muviri kana kuderedza njodzi inokonzerwa nehutachiona.
2. T Lymphocytes (T Masero)
T lymphocytes inoita basa guru mukudzivirira masero, ichiparadza masero ane utachiona uye ichibatsira masero eB kugadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasero eT:
– Masero eT Helper (CD4+ T cells): Anobatanidza mhinduro yemuviri nekushanda kwemamwe masero emuviri. Masero eT Helper anoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira mashandiro emasero eB nemacrophages.
– Masero eT ane chepfu (CD8+ T cells): Ane hunyanzvi hwekuziva nekuuraya masero ane utachiona hwemavhairasi kana masero akashanduka kuita masero ekenza.
3. Masero eT anotonga (T-regs)
Masero aya akakosha pakuchengetedza kuenzana kwemuviri wemuviri nekuderedza kupindirana kwemuviri zvakanyanya, nokudaro kudzivirira kukuvara kwenyama kunokonzerwa nekupindirana kwemuviri wemuviri kusingadzoreki.
Nzira Yakananga Yekupindura Kwemuviri Wemuviri
Danho remhinduro chaiyo yemuviri kuzvirwere rinosanganisira matanho akati wandei akarongeka:
1. Kuzivikanwa kweAntigen
Maitiro acho anotanga kana maB kana maT lymphocytes asangana uye oziva maantigen chaiwo anowanikwa nemasero ane utachiona kana masero anounza antigen akadai semacrophages kana masero edendritic. Antigen imorekuru kana chikamu chehutachiona chinogona kukonzera mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri.
2. Kushanda uye Kupararira kwesimba
Mushure mekuzivikanwa kweantigen, masero eB kana T anovhurwa. Kuvhurwa uku kunowanzo kanganiswa nezviratidzo zvinobva kumasero eT anobatsira anogadzira macytokine—mamorekuru madiki anokanganisa maitiro emamwe masero. Kuvhurwa kunoita kuti masero aya awedzere, kana kuti akurumidze kupatsanurwa, kuti agadzire masero akawanda anobatsira anorwisa utachiona.
3. Mhinduro yeMushandi
Masero eEffector anoita basa rawo mukurwisa hutachiona. Masero eB anogadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anotenderera muropa nedzimwe mvura dzemuviri kuti abvise hutachiona. Masero eT ane chepfu anouraya zvakananga masero ane hutachiona. Panguva iyi, masero eT anobatsira anoshanda nekuburitsa macytokine kuti atsigire uye awedzere kushanda kwemasero eB nemasero eT ane effector.
4. Kuumbwa kweMemory yeImmunological
Kana hutachiona hwapera, mamwe ma lymphocytes anosiyana kuita masero ekurangarira. Masero aya ekurangarira anoramba ari mumuviri kwenguva yakareba uye anobvumira masoja emuviri kuti apindure nekukurumidza uye nesimba kuhutachiona hwechipiri hunokonzerwa nehutachiona humwe chete.
Kukosha kweLymphocytes muhutano nezvirwere
Kubudirira mukurwisa hutachiona kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekushanda kwesimba remuviri rekudzivirira chirwere. Lymphocytes, nekukwanisa kwavo kuziva nekurangarira hutachiona, dzinopa dziviriro yakakosha kwenguva refu kumuviri. Kusashanda zvakanaka kweLymphocyte, kune rumwe rutivi, kunogona kutungamira kumatambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano, anosanganisira:
1. Kushomeka kwedziviriro yemuviri mumuviri
Dambudziko iri rinoitika kana mhinduro chaiyo yemuviri yekudzivirira chirwere isingashande zvakanaka, kazhinji nekuda kwekushaikwa kana kusashanda zvakanaka kwema lymphocytes. Kushomeka kwemuviri wekuzvidzivirira kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwekutapukirwa nehutachiona.
2. Zvirwere zveAutoimmune
Muzvirwere zvinorwisa muviri, masoja emuviri anorwisa zvisizvo nhengo dzemuviri, izvo zvinogona kusanganisira mhinduro dzisina kunaka kubva kumasero eT neB lymphocytes. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira lupus nechirwere cheshuga cherudzi rwekutanga.
3. Kurwara
Kurwara kunokonzerwa nekuwanda kwemhinduro yemuviri ku antigen isina njodzi (allergen). Lymphocytes dzinoita basa rekubatanidza maitiro aya nekugadzira ma antibodies nema cytokines anokonzera kuzvimba.
Penutup
Lymphocytes, nebasa rayo guru mukudzivirira muviri, chinhu chakakosha mukudzivirira muviri. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama mashandiro elymphocyte hakungopi ruzivo rwekuti muviri unorwisa sei hutachiona asiwo kunovhura nzira yekuvandudza nzira dzekurapa dziri nani, dzakadai semajekiseni nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuramba tichivandudza ruzivo urwu, tinotarisira kuti tinogona kuvandudza kugona kwedu kurapa nekudzivirira zvirwere mune ramangwana.
