Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kweMwenje yeFluorescent
Nhasi uno, marambi e fluorescent inzira yakajairika yemwenje inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumahofisi nezvikoro kusvika kudzimba dzevanhu. Kufarirwa kwawo zvechokwadi hakuna chikonzero; marambi e fluorescent anozivikanwa nekushanda kwawo kwepamusoro uye hupenyu hwawo hwakareba zvichienzaniswa nemarambi emazuva ano e incandescent. Zvisinei, shure kwezvakanaka zvavo zvese zvetekinoroji kune nhoroondo refu uye rwendo runonakidza rwesainzi rwakapoteredza kugadzirwa kwemarambi e fluorescent.
Kutanga Kwekuwanikwa Kwechiedza Chinopenya
Izwi rekuti "fluorescent" rinobva pashoko rekuti "fluorite," chicherwa chakawanikwa nenyanzvi yezve geology George Gabriel Stokes muna 1852. Stokes akataura kuti fluorite inogona kuburitsa chiedza kana yaiswa pachiedza cheultraviolet. Chiitiko ichi chakazozivikanwa se "fluorescence." Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kwechiedza chefluorescent hakuna kubva kwachinja kuita tekinoroji yemwenje, sezvo pfungwa iyi yakanga ichiri muchikamu chekuongorora kwesainzi.
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, masayendisiti akati wandei akatanga kufarira chiitiko ichi uye akatsvaga kunzwisisa hunhu hwechiedza uye kugadzira nzira itsva dzekuchigadzira. Mumwe wevasayendisiti vanotungamira vaishanda mubasa iri aive Heinrich Geissler, makanika wekuGermany uye mugadziri wemidziyo. Muna 1856, Geissler akagadzira chubhu yeGeissler, mudziyo une chubhu yegirazi ine gasi pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakaderera. Pakaiswa magetsi pachubhu, gasi riri mukati mechubhu raiburitsa chiedza. Kuwanikwa uku kwaive danho rakakosha mukusimudzira tekinoroji yemwenje ye fluorescent.
Nikola Tesla naJohn Tyndall
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, Nikola Tesla, munhu anozivikanwa nekugadzira kwake zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda mumagetsi nemagineti, akaitawo ongororo dzakawanda achishandisa magasi ari pasi pesimba rakaderera uye magetsi kuti agadzire chiedza. Muna 1893, Tesla akaratidza pfungwa yemwenje usingashandise waya uchishandisa high-frequency induction nemachubhu eGeissler.
Panguva iyi, muEngland, John Tyndall akabatsirawo pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvemagetsi nechiedza. Tsvagiridzo yaTyndall yakatarisana nekudyidzana kuripo pakati pechiedza nezvinhu, uye kuti mafungu echiedza anokanganisa sei zvidimbu zvegasi. Kunyangwe tsvagiridzo yake isina kutungamira zvakananga pakugadzirwa kwemwenje we fluorescent, yakabatsira kusimbisa hwaro hweruzivo rwunodiwa kune tekinoroji yemwenje yepamusoro.
Kuwanikwa Kwepakutanga uye Kubudirira
Danho guru rekuti rambi remazuva ano re fluorescent riitike rakatorwa naPeter Cooper Hewitt pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Hewitt, mainjiniya uye muvambi, akabudirira kugadzira rambi rakagadzirwa ne mercury vapor muna 1901. Rambi iri rakashandisa magetsi kuti riite kuti mercury vapor ive mukati mechubhu, izvo zvakazoita kuti ribudise chiedza chebhuruu-girini. Kunyangwe rambi iri raishanda nesimba zvakanyanya kupfuura rambi rekare re incandescent, rambi raigadzirwa naro rakanga risingakodzeri kushandiswa kwese nekuda kweruvara rwaro rwechiedza rusina kunaka.
Mumakumi emakore akatevera, mainjiniya nevaongorori vakawanda vakaedza kunatsiridza pfungwa iyi huru. Mumwe munhu akakosha mukugadzirwa kwemarambi e fluorescent aive Edmund Germer, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuGermany. Nechikwata chake chekutsvagisa, Germer akashanda kugadzira marambi aishanda zviri nani uye aiburitsa chiedza chechisikigo. Muna 1926, Germer akaisa patent yerambi remazuva ano re fluorescent, iro rinoshandisa fluorescent coating mukati mechubhu yegirazi kushandura chiedza che ultraviolet kuita chiedza chinooneka.
Basa raGeneral Electric naWilliam Coolidge
General Electric (GE) yakaita basa guru mukutengeserana kwemwenje ye fluorescent. Nekuda kweruzivo rwayo rwehunyanzvi uye zviwanikwa, GE yakakwanisa kukurumidzisa kuvandudzwa kwemwenje ye fluorescent kuti ishandiswe mukutengeserana. William Coolidge, mainjiniya anotungamira kuGE, akatora chikamu muchirongwa ichi. Anozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rake paX-ray tubes, izvo zvakachinja zvakanyanya kurapa. Coolidge nechikwata cheGE vakaita tsvakiridzo yakakura uye kuyedza kuti vagadzirise dhizaini uye mashandiro emwenje ye fluorescent.
Muna 1934, GE yakabudirira kugadzira rambi re fluorescent rakafukidzwa ne phosphor raiburitsa chiedza chichena chinoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura mwenje ye incandescent. Chigadzirwa ichi chakaunzwa kumusika kuma1930 ekupedzisira, nguva pfupi Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga. Kubudirira uku kwakaratidza nguva itsva muhunyanzvi hwemwenje.
Kuitwa uye Kukanganisa Kwemagariro Evanhu Nehupfumi
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kushandiswa kwemarambi e fluorescent kwakawedzera nekukurumidza. Pakutanga, aishandiswa zvakanyanya mumahofisi, mafekitori, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uko mwenje unoshanda uye usingadhuri waive chinhu chikuru. Vachiona kushanda kwawo uye kuchengetedza simba, mhuri dzakatangawo kushandisa tekinoroji iyi.
Mwenje weFluorescent une simba guru pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira dzidzo, maindasitiri, uye hupfumi hwenyika. Muchikamu chedzidzo, zvikoro nemayunivhesiti zvinogona kupa mwenje uri nani wekudzidzisa nekudzidza, izvo zvinovandudza mhando yedzidzo. Muindasitiri, mwenje unoshanda zvakanaka unogonesa kushanda kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana nemutengo wakaderera wemagetsi, zvichiwedzera kugona uye purofiti.
Pasi rose, kushandiswa kwemwenje ye fluorescent kwakabatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuburitswa kwecarbon, zvichienderana nekuedza kuchengetedza nharaunda. Pasinei nedambudziko riripo pakushandiswa kwemercury mumwenje ye fluorescent uye njodzi dzayo dzinogona kuitika kunharaunda, vanhu vari kuramba vachigadzira nzira dziri nani dzekugadzirisa zvinhu kuti vaderedze njodzi idzi.
Kuwanikwa kweMa LED uye Remangwana reMwenje
Kunyange tichitarisa nhoroondo yemwenje ye fluorescent, tekinoroji iri kuramba ichichinja. Muzana remakore rechi21, mwenje ye LED (Light Emitting Diode) yakatanga kutsiva mwenje ye fluorescent. Ma LED ane mabhenefiti akawanda, anosanganisira kushandisa simba zvakanyanya, kurarama kwenguva refu, uye kukanganisa nharaunda zvishoma nekuda kwekushaikwa kwe mercury. Zvisinei, nyaya iri shure kwemwenje ye fluorescent ichiri chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yemwenje nesainzi.
Kubva pamisimboti mikuru yaStokes naGeissler yemwenje ye fluorescent, kusvika kuHewitt, Germer, uye Coolidge, kusvika kubasa guru reGE mukushambadzira kwayo, nhoroondo yemwenje ye fluorescent inoratidza rwendo rurefu kubva papfungwa yesainzi kusvika pakushandiswa kwesimba kunochinja nyika. Nhaka yekuwanikwa uku inoenderera mberi netekinoroji yemazuva ano yemwenje, iyo iri kuramba ichichengetedza nharaunda uye isingashandise simba zvakanyanya.
