Nhoroondo yeRambi raEdison rinonzi Incandescent
Balbhu remwenje rinopenya rave chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha munhoroondo yebudiriro yemazuva ano, zvichishandura maonero evanhu nekudyidzana nenyika. Mumwe munhu anowanzo rumbidzwa nekuita kuti girobhu remwenje rinopenya rive rakakurumbira uye rinakidze ndiThomas Alva Edison. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yegirobhu raEdison rinopenya, kubva pakutanga kwaro, matambudziko akatarisana nawo, kusvika pamhedzisiro yeruzivo urwu munharaunda nehupfumi.
Nhoroondo uye Zvakawanikwa Pakutanga
Edison asati asvika, vagadziri vazhinji vakaedza kugadzira mababu emwenje anoshanda zvakanyanya. Chaizvoizvo, bhabhu reincandescent rinoshanda nekupisa tambo kusvika rapenya. Sir Humphry Davy, nyanzvi yesainzi yeChirungu, aive mumwe wevagadziri vekutanga kugadzira chiedza vachishandisa magetsi muna 1802. Akashandisa magetsi aiyerera nepakati peplatinum strip kuti agadzire chiedza. Zvisinei, marambi aya aisashanda zvakanaka uye aingogara kwenguva pfupi chete.
Makumi emakore gare gare, Warren de la Rue, nyanzvi yekemesitiri yeChirungu, akaedza kuvandudza pfungwa iyi nekushandisa filament yeplatinum mukati memachubhu evacuum. Kunyangwe tekinoroji iyi yaive yakasimba, kudhura kwakanyanya kweplatinum kwakaita kuti isashande pakutengeserana.
Muna 1854, Heinrich Göbel, muGerman-America, akagadzira rambi rinopenya rine shinda yakagadzirwa nekabhoni bamboo. Tekinoroji iyi yaive pedyo nekukwana, asi yaida kuvandudzwa kwakawanda.
Chimurenga chaThomas Alva Edison
Thomas Alva Edison akaberekwa musi wa11 Kukadzi 1847, muMilan, Ohio, United States. Kunyangwe aive mugadziri wezvinhu zvakawanda ane mapatenti anopfuura chiuru, mukurumbira wake waive rambi reincandescent.
Muna 1879, Edison akatanga kuyedza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zveshinda. Mushure mekuita bvunzo dzinopfuura 3.000, akazowana kuti shinda yekabhoni ndiyo yaive sarudzo yakanakisisa. Musi wa21 Gumiguru, 1879, Edison akabudirira kugadzira rambi rinopisa kwemaawa 13,5 risingadzime pasi pevacuum.
Kune zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda zverambi reincandescent rakagadzirwa naEdison zvakasiyana nezvakagadzirwa kare:
1. Kabhoni Filament: Kugadzirwa kwaEdison kwekabhoni filament kwakaita kuti igare kwenguva refu zvikuru. Kunyangwe kabhoni iyi yakazotsiviwa nekabhoni filament yakasimba uye inoshanda zvakanaka, kabhoni yakava chinhu chakakosha pakutanga.
2. Tubhu reVacuum: Edison akaita shuwa kuti filament iri mutubhu revacuum kana kuti yakazadzwa negasi rakati kudzivirira oxidation, nokudaro zvichiita kuti rambi rirambe richirarama kwenguva refu.
3. Sisitimu yeMagetsi: Edison akaona kuti rambi remagetsi rinopenya raizongobatsira chete kana paine sisitimu yemagetsi inotsigira kushandiswa kwaro. Nokudaro, iye nechikwata chake vakagadzirawo sisitimu yemagetsi inoshanda zvakanaka. Muna 1882, akavaka chiteshi chemagetsi paPearl Street, New York, chinoshanda munzvimbo yeManhattan.
Matambudziko uye Gakava
Kufanana nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa, girobhu raEdison remagetsi rinopenya harina matambudziko nemakakatanwa. Imwe yenyaya huru dzinowanzo taurwa inyaya yekuti ndiani muvambi wegirobhu remagetsi "rechokwadi". Vamwe vanhu vakawanda, vakaita saNikola Tesla naHiram Maxim, vakaitawo tsvakurudzo nekuvandudza mumunda iwoyo.
Semuenzaniso, Sir Joseph Swan, muvambi wekuEngland, akagadzirawo tekinoroji yemwenje yekabhoni incandescent panguva imwe chete naEdison. Muna 1880, Edison naSwan vakazopedzisira vasarudza kushanda pamwe chete ndokutanga Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company.
Uyezve, paive nematambudziko ehunyanzvi nehupfumi mukuita kuti tekinoroji iyi ifadze vanhu vakawanda. Edison aifanira kukunda nyaya dzekushandisa simba zvakanaka, kugoverwa kwemagetsi, uye mari yekugadzira kuti mwenje weincandescent usvike kune veruzhinji. Kuvaka zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvakakura kwaidawo mari yakawanda uye nguva yakawanda.
Migumisiro Yezvemagariro Evanhu Nezvehupfumi
Mwenje waEdison wakabatidza zvinhu wakaita kuti zvinhu zvishanduke zvakanyanya, izvo hazvina kungobata sainzi netekinoroji chete asiwo zvakakanganisa magariro evanhu nehupfumi hwenyika.
1. Kuchinja kweMararamiro: Mwenje yemagetsi isati yatanga, parafini nemakenduru ndizvo zvainyanya kuunza chiedza husiku. Kugadzira kwaEdison kwakaita kuti nzanga ive nechiedza chakajeka, chakasimba, uye chakachengeteka. Izvi zvakachinja mabasa nemagariro evanhu, zvichibvumira vanhu kushanda nekuita mabasa kwenguva yakareba mushure mekunyura kwezuva.
2. Kubudirira kweindasitiri: Iyi tekinoroji itsva yemwenje yakakurumidzisa kukura kweindasitiri nekubvumira mafekitori nedzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa kushanda nguva dzese. Izvi zvakawedzera zvikuru kubereka, zvichikurudzira kukura kwehupfumi.
3. Kukura kwemaguta: Nekuuya kwemwenje yemagetsi inoshanda zvakanaka, maguta makuru akatanga kukura nekukurumidza. Matunhu ekutengeserana nekugara akavakwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, uye masisitimu ekufambisa akadai sezvitima zvemagetsi nematramu akatanga kushanda.
4. Zvimwe Zvitsva: Kubudirira kwerambi reincandescent kwakakurudzira hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Edison pachake akaenderera mberi nekutsvaga kwake nekugadzira michina yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi nemasisitimu, akadai segiramufomu nejenareta yemagetsi.
Mhedziso Yekupedzisira
Pakupedzisira, nhoroondo yaEdison yerambi rinopenya inyaya yekutsungirira kunoshamisa, hunyanzvi, uye kuona. Kunyange zvazvo asiri iye ega mugadziri aishanda mubasa iri, kugona kwake kugadzira tekinoroji inoshanda mukutengeserana uye sisitimu yekuparadzira magetsi inoshanda zvinomuita munhu mukuru munhoroondo yemwenje wekugadzira.
Kugadzira uku hakuna kungochinja chete nzira iyo vanhu vanogadzira nayo manyuko echiedza, asiwo kwakachinja zvikuru mamiriro emagariro evanhu nehupfumi. Kubva pakukura kwemaindasitiri kusvika pakuchinja kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nhaka yaEdison icharangarirwa sechiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yetekinoroji.
Munyika iri kuramba ichichinja nekukurumidza, nhaka yaEdison inotiyeuchidza kuti hunyanzvi hunogara huripo uye pane mukana wekuvandudza zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa zvikuru budiriro yevanhu.
