Pfungwa yePhoton
Photon ndeimwe yepfungwa dzakakosha uye dzakakosha mufizikisi yemazuva ano. Chidimbu ichi hachingokoshi chete pakunzwisisa kwedu chiedza nemagnetism, asiwo kune zviitiko zvakawanda zvinoitika muchadenga. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama kuti photon chii, kuti kunzwisisa kwedu kwachinja sei nekufamba kwenguva, mashandisirwo ayo muhunyanzvi, uye kuti pfungwa iyi ine chekuita sei nedzimwe dzidziso dzefizikisi.
Nhanganyaya kuPhotons
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, maphoton zvimedu zvepakutanga zvinoumba quanta yesimba remagetsi. Ndiwo anotakura kutaurirana kwese kwemagetsi. Muchidimbu, maphoton zvimedu zvinotsanangura kuti chiedza nemamwe marara emagetsi anotapuriranwa sei. Maphoton haana huremu hwekuzorora uye anogara achifamba nekumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum.
Pfungwa ye photon yakatanga kuunzwa naAlbert Einstein muna 1905 mupepa rinotaura nezve photoelectric effect. Zvisinei, tisati takurukura nezvazvo zvakanyanya, zvakakosha kunzwisisa nhoroondo yepfungwa yechiedza pachacho.
Nhoroondo neKushanduka kweKunzwisisa Chiedza
Nguva Yekare uye Mafungu eChiedza
Pamberi pezana remakore rechi20, chiedza chainyanya kunzwisiswa semafungu. Dzidziso yemafungu echiedza yakasimbiswa nekuyedza kwaThomas Young pamusoro pekupindira kwechiedza mukutanga kwema1800. James Clerk Maxwell akazopa hwaro hwakasimba hwedzidziso yemafungu nekuenzanisa kwaMaxwell, izvo zvakaratidza kuti chiedza igwenga remagetsi rinopararira muchadenga.
Mhedzisiro yePhotoelectric uye Kubuda kweDzidziso yeQuantum
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvakatevedzana zvekuedza zvakaratidza zviitiko zvakawanda zvisingakwanise kutsanangurwa nedzidziso yemafungu ekare echiedza. Chimwe chiitiko chakadaro chaive mhedzisiro ye photoelectric, umo chiedza chinorova pamusoro pesimbi chinokonzera kubuda kwemaerekitironi. Dzidziso yemafungu ekare haigone kutsanangura kuti nei chiedza chefrequency yakati (kana kupfuura) chete chaigona kukonzera izvi.
Muna 1905, Albert Einstein akaratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya aitsanangurwa zviri nani nepfungwa yekuti chiedza chinoumbwa ne "quanta," kana kuti zvidimbu zvine simba rakayerwa. Einstein akataura kuti simba rezvidimbu izvi—rakazozivikanwa semaphoton—raive rakaenzana zvakananga nekuwanda kwazvo. Dzidziso iyi yakawana Einstein Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1921.
Kubatana kweWave-Particle
Masayendisiti akazowana kuti ma photon ane hunhu hunoratidza kuti anoita sezvikamu mumimwe miedzo, nepo mune mimwe achitaridzika semafungu. Chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa se "wave-particle duality".
Kuwirirana uku hakusi kwechiedza chete; zvidimbu zvechinhu zvakaita semaerekitironi zvinoratidzawo hunhu hwemafungu-zvimedu. Iyi nheyo huru inotsanangurwa neQuantum Theory, yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti anosanganisira Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, naWerner Heisenberg.
Maphotoni muQuantum Mechanics
Muchidzidzo chequantum mechanics, photon iquantum yesimba remagetsi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pachikero chidiki-diki, marudzi ese eminda yemagetsi (yakadai sechiedza) anofanira kutorwa seakaumbwa nemayuniti esimba asingapatsanurwi anonzi maphoton.
Simba \(E\) rephoton rinoenderana zvakananga nefrequency \(f\) ye electromagnetic wave, uye hukama uhwu hunopiwa ne equation yaPlanck:
\[ E = hf \]
Apo \(h\) iri chisingaperi chaPlanck. Kureba kwechiedza \(\lambda\) uye frequency yaro zvinoenderanawo ne equation:
\[ c = \lambda f \]
Apo \(c\) iri kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum.
Kudyidzana kwePhotons neMatter
Maphotoni anosangana nezvinhu kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, nhatu dzakajairika dziri dzekupinza, kuburitsa, uye kuparadzira.
1. Kunyudzwa: Kana photon ikanyudzwa neatomu kana molekyuri, simba re photon rinoshandiswa kukwidza simba re elektroni muatomu iyoyo kana molekyuri. Maitiro aya ndiwo hwaro hwezviitiko zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira photosynthesis ne photoelectricity.
2. Kubuda kwechinhu: Maitiro aya akasiyana nekunyudzwa kwechinhu. Pano, atomu kana molekyuru inofashukira inogona kudzokera kusimba rakaderera nekubudisa photon. Kubuda kwechinhu ichi kunogona kuitika zvega kana kuti nenzira yekukurudzirwa.
3. Kupararira: Mukufamba kwekupararira, maphoton anokanganiswa nezvidimbu uye anochinja mafambiro awo, asi anoramba ari mumamiriro akafanana emuviri. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzekupararira: elastic (sekupararira kweRayleigh) uye inelastic (sekuitika kweCompton).
Mashandisirwo eTekinoroji yePhoton
Kufambira mberi mukunzwisisa kwedu maphoton kwakaita kuti pave nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kubva pane zviri nyore kusvika kune zvakaoma zvikuru.
MaElektroniki Emaziso uye Fiber Optics
Kunzwisisa ma photon kwakakosha kune tekinoroji ye fiber optic, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutaurirana kwefoni ne internet. Muhurongwa uhwu, masaini echiedza anokurumidza kwazvo anoshandiswa kutumira data, achitsiva masaini emagetsi mutambo dzemhangura dzechinyakare. Iyi tekinoroji inogonesa kutumira data nekukurumidza kwakanyanya uye padaro refu pasina kukanganiswa kwakanyanya.
Laser
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) chishandiso chinogadzira chiedza chinobatanidza zvakanyanya uye chinotungamira nekushandisa kudyidzana kwemaphoton nezvinhu kuburikidza nekuburitswa kwesimba. Lasers ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira mushonga, kugadzira, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, uye kutaurirana.
Mapaneru Ezuva
Maphoton anobva kuzuva anoshandiswa muma solar panels kugadzira magetsi. Kana ma photon akatorwa nezvinhu zve semiconductor mumasero ezuva, anokurudzira maerekitironi, zvichigadzira magetsi. Iyi tekinoroji yakakosha munguva yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy inzira inoshandiswa kuongorora kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvichibva pachiedza chazvinoburitsa. Nzira iyi inobatsira zvikuru mukemistri, nyeredzi, uye fizikisi pakuona kuumbwa uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa ye photon yakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu zvinhu zvose. Kubva pakunzwisisa chiedza semafungu ekare kusvika pakuchiona se quantum particle, rwendo urwu rwepfungwa runoratidza kufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwesainzi. Ma photon anoita basa guru muzviitiko zvakawanda zvemazuva ano uye matekinoroji, achipesvedzera zvese kubva pakutaurirana kusvika kune simba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Kunzwisisa kwedu maphoton kunovhurawo nzira yekutsvaga kwakawanda munzvimbo dzakadai se quantum computing uye quantum teleportation, izvo zvine mukana wekuchinja mashandiro atinoita nenyika mune ramangwana. Sezvo tekinoroji nedzidziso zvichiramba zvichifambira mberi, maphoton anoramba ari chinhu chikuru mufizikisi, zvichivimbisa zvimwe zvinhu zvinonakidza uye mashandisirwo mune ramangwana.
