Musiyano uripo pakati peIPv4 neIPv6 watsanangurwa
Pendauluan
Internet Protocol (IP) ndiyo hwaro hweInternet, zvichiita kuti makombiyuta akwanise kutaurirana pa network yepasi rose. Mavhezheni maviri makuru eprotocol iyi iIPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) uye IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). Kunyangwe ese ari maviri akakosha kune network ecosystem, pane musiyano mukuru pakati pawo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura misiyano iyi zvakadzama.
Kumashure kweIPv4
Nhoroondo uye Mashandisirwo
IPv4 yakatangwa muna 1983 sechikamu cheARPANET, iyo yakatangira internet yemazuva ano. IPv4 yakashanda senzira yakajairika kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu uye ichiri kutonga network zhinji pasi rose. Chikonzero chikuru chekugara kwenguva refu uku ndiko kubatana kuripo kwema network, hardware, uye software neIPv4.
Maumbirwo eKero ye IP
Kero yeIPv4 ine mabhiti makumi matatu nemaviri akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina zvakakamurwa nemapeji (.), muenzaniso uri 192.168.1.1. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe, kana kuti octet, chinogona kuva nenhamba iri pakati pe0 ne255. Izvi zvinopa IPv4 nzvimbo yekero inosvika mabhiriyoni mana nemazana matatu emakero akasiyana, ayo pakutanga aifungidzirwa kuti akakwana.
Kumashure kweIPv6
Zvinodiwa uye Kubudirira
Nekukura kwakanyanya kweinternet nemidziyo yakabatana, miganhu yenzvimbo yekero yeIPv4 yakatanga kuoneka. Mukupera kwema1990, pakava nekunetsekana kwekuti IPv4 yaisazokwana kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekero dzeIP pasi rose. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekuvandudzwa kweIPv6, yakatangwa muna 1998 neInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Maumbirwo eKero ye IP
Makero eIPv6 akareba 128-bit, akareba zvakanyanya kupfuura makero eIPv4. Akakamurwa kuita mapoka masere e16-bit akaparadzaniswa nemacoloni (:), muenzaniso uri 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. Izvi zvinobvumira IPv6 kutsigira makero akasiyana anosvika 340 undecillion (340 x 10^36), zvichikunda muganho wakakura weIPv4.
Kusiyana kwehunyanzvi pakati peIPv4 neIPv6
Nzvimbo yeKero
Sezvambotaurwa, musiyano mukuru ndewehukuru hwenzvimbo yekero. Kero dzeIPv4 dzine mabhiti makumi matatu nemaviri, zvichikonzera makero angangoita mabhiriyoni mana nematatu, nepo kero dzeIPv6 dzine mabhiti zana nemakumi maviri nemasere, zvichipa huwandu husina muganho hwekero.
Rudzi rweKero
– IPv4: Yakanyorwa nedecimal notation yakaparadzaniswa nemadotsi (semuenzaniso, 192.168.0.1).
– IPv6: Yakanyorwa nehexadecimal notation yakaparadzaniswa nema colon (semuenzaniso, 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
Kugadziriswa uye Kuzvigadzira
IPv6 yakagadzirwa nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa otomatiki kupfuura IPv4. IPv6 inoshandisa Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), iyo inosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se autoconfiguration uye service discovery. NeStateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), zvishandiso zviri paIPv6 network zvinogona kuwana ma IP address otomatiki pasina kudiwa kweDHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.
Keamanan
IPv6 yakagadzirwa neIPsec (Internet Protocol Security) sechinhu chakakosha, ichipa rutsigiro rwekusimbisa, kuvimbika, uye kuvanzika. Kunyangwe IPsec ichigona kushandiswawo muIPv4, haisi yekusarudza uye haitarisirwi nedefault. Saka, IPv6 inopa nzira yakafanana uye yakabatana yekuchengetedza.
Kushanda Nekubudirira
IPv6 ine mashandiro akanaka enetwork nekuda kwemapacket headers ari nyore. Izvi zvinoderedza mutoro wekugadzirisa marouters, zvichiita kuti packet processing ikurumidze. Uyezve, kupatsanurwa kweIPv6 kunoitwa nemudziyo unotuma, kwete router, zvichiita kuti kushanda kuwedzere.
Rutsigiro rweNharembozha
IPv6 inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushanda pamafoni nekuti inotsigira Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), protocol inobvumira michina kufamba pakati pema network pasina kurasikirwa nekubatana. Ichi chinhu chakakosha tichifunga nezve mafambiro eInternet of Things (IoT) uye kukura kwemafoni ane internet.
Mabhenefiti eIPv6 pane IPv4
Kunze kwezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi, kune zvimwe zvakanakira zvakawanda zvinoita kuti IPv6 ionekwe pane IPv4:
Kukwanisa kukura
Sezvakambosimbiswa, kugona kutsigira maakero akawanda kunobvumira IPv6 kugamuchira kukura kukuru kwemidziyo yakabatana, kubva pamakombiyuta ega kusvika kumasensa eIoT.
Hunhu hweBasa (QoS)
IPv6 yakavandudza maficha emhando yepamusoro yebasa (QoS). Nekushandisa kupatsanura traffic uye kunyora mafambiro emafambiro, IPv6 inogona kuona mapaketi anoda kukoshesa zvakanyanya, senge vhidhiyo yekutepfenyura kana VoIP.
Kushanda pamwe chete uye Kuwedzerwa
Musoro weIPv6 wakagadzirwa kuti uve unochinjika uye unokwanisa kuwedzerwa, zvichibvumira kuwedzerwa uye kuunganidzwa kwemaprotocol matsva pasina kuda shanduko huru dzenetwork. Izvi zvinoita kuti IPv6 ive nyore kuchinjika kune shanduko dzetekinoroji dzemangwana.
Kubudirira Kwenzira
IPv6 inotsigira kuunganidza ma header, izvo zvinoderedza overhead routing paISP, zvinovandudza mashandiro ekubata nzira uye zvinoderedza mutoro we router.
Matambudziko mukuchinja kubva kuIPv4 kuenda kuIPv6
Kunyange zvazvo IPv6 ine zvakanakira zvakawanda, kuchinja uku hakusi kusina matambudziko:
Kompatibilitas
Zvishandiso zvakawanda zviripo zvinongoshanda chete neIPv4. Kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvishandiso zvese zve network, software, uye mapurogiramu zviripo zvinotsigira IPv6 kunoda nguva yakawanda uye zviwanikwa.
Mutengo
Kuiswa kweIPv6 kunoda kuvandudzwa kwehardware yenetwork uye kugadziriswa kwesoftware, izvo zvinogona kudhura. Uyezve, kudzidziswa kwevashandi veIT kuti vanzwisise uye vatarisire network dzeIPv6 chimwe chinhu chinodiwa.
Adopsi
Maitiro nemaitiro aripo, akadai seDHCP, DNS, uye firewalls, anofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti atsigire IPv6. Izvi zvinowanzoda kushanda pamwe chete kwenyika dzese uye kuedza kweindasitiri.
Mhedziso
IPv4 neIPv6 ndiwo musimboti weinternet yemazuva ano. Kunyange zvazvo IPv4 yave ichizadzisa zvatinoda kwemakore mazhinji, miganho yayo yenzvimbo dzekero uye kudiwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwakawedzerwa, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchinjika kwakaita kuti shanduko kuenda kuIPv6 ive yakakosha. IPv6, ine nzvimbo yayo yakakura yekero, kunaka kwebasa kwakawedzerwa, uye kushanda zvakanaka, inopa mhinduro kumatambudziko emazuva ano uye inoita kuti internet irambe ichikura. Zvisinei, shanduko yakazara inoda nguva nekushanda pamwe chete kubva kumapato akawanda. Kushandiswa kweDual-stack (IPv4 neIPv6 zvichishanda pamwe chete) mhinduro yakajairika yenguva pfupi, asi pakupedzisira, IPv6 ichave hwaro hweinternet yeramangwana.
