Zvikamu zveSistimu yekudzivirira yeMuviri
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri, inozivikanwa zvikuru sesisitimu yekudzivirira muviri, inetwork yakaoma yemasero, nyama, uye nhengo dzinoshanda pamwe chete kudzivirira muviri kubva mukurwiswa netupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere zvakaita semabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, fungi, uye tupukanana. Sisitimu iyi inokosha kuti munhu ararame, sezvo pasina dziviriro inoshanda, muviri unogona kubatwa nezvirwere zvinogara zvichiitika uye zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama zvikamu zvinoumba sisitimu yedu yekudzivirira muviri.
1. Zvipingamupinyi zveMuviri neMakemikoro
Dziviriro yemuviri inotanga nematanho akasiyana-siyana ekudzivirira utachiona kuti husapinde mumuviri.
– Ganda: Ganda ndiro chidziviriro chekutanga chemuviri kubva pakurwiswa kwezvirwere. Maumbirwo aro akarongwa uye kugadzirwa kwemagland emafuta ane fatty acids zvinoshanda semushonga wekuuraya utachiona wechisikigo. Uyezve, ganda rine keratin layer inonetsa kuti tupukanana tupinde.
– Matumbu: Nzira dzekufema, dzekugaya chikafu, uye dzenhengo dzesikarudzi dzine matumbu. Matumbu aya anobata utachiona uye anovadzivirira kuti vasapinde mumuviri.
– Kubuda Kwemakemikari: Muviri unogadzira makemikari akasiyana-siyana ane hunhu hwekurwisa mabhakitiriya uye hwekudzivirira utachiona. Semuenzaniso, muto wemudumbu une acid yakawanda (pH inosvika 2), unokwanisa kuuraya tupukanana twakawanda tunopinda muchikafu.
2. Kusadzivirirwa Kwemuviri
Kana utachiona hukakwanisa kupfuura zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri nezvemakemikari, masoja emuviri (asina kurongeka) ekudzivirira chirwere anenge agadzirira kushanda.
– Masero Machena Eropa (Leukocytes): Masero aya anosanganisira ma neutrophils nema macrophages. Ma neutrophils anowanzova ekutanga kupindura kuhutachiona uye anogona kunyudza hutachiona (phagocytose). Ma Macrophages anoitawo phagocytosis uye anoburitsa zviratidzo zvemakemikari zvinounganidza masero akawanda ekudzivirira muviri kunzvimbo yehutachiona.
– Masero Anouraya Zvisikwa (NK): Masero aya anogona kuziva nekuparadza masero emuviri ane utachiona, kunyanya mavhairasi, pamwe nemasero ekenza.
– Mapuroteni Anowedzera: Aya iboka remapuroteni anotenderera muropa uye anogona kukurudzira kufa kwehutachiona. Anoshanda nekuboora membrane yemasero ezvirwere, zvichikonzera lysis.
– Kuzvimba: Kuzvimba kunoratidzwa nekutsvuka, kuzvimba, kupisa, uye kurwadziwa. Iyi ndiyo nzira yemuviri yekuratidza hutachiona uye wobva wakurumidza kupora nekuwedzera kuyerera kweropa kunzvimbo yakakanganiswa.
3. Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika
Kana masoja emuviri asina kukwana kubata chirwere chinotapukira, masoja emuviri anochinjika kana kuti chaiwo, ayo anononoka kupindura, anotora basa racho.
– Lymphocytes: Iine masero eB nemasero eT, rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakasiyana mukupindura kwemuviri kunochinjika. Masero eB ane basa rekugadzira masoja ekudzivirira muviri anogona kuziva maantigen chaiwo pazvirwere. Masero eT akakamurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana: masero eT anobatsira (CD4+) anobatanidza mhinduro yemuviri, uye masero eT ane chepfu (CD8+) anogona kuuraya masero emuviri ane hutachiona.
– Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere: Anogadzirwa nemasero eB, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anosunga kune mamwe maantigen ari pahutachiona kuti aonekwe uye aparadzwe nezvimwe zvikamu zvemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere. Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogonawo kubvisa chepfu nemavhairasi zvakananga.
– Kuyeuka Kwemuviri: Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemuviri wekudzivirira muviri kugona kwawo "kurangarira" utachiona hwakamborwisa muviri. Izvi zvinoita kuti mhinduro kuhutachiona hunotevera ikurumidze uye ishande zvakanaka. Kubaiwa nhomba kunoshandisa musimboti uyu kudzivirira zvirwere pasina kukonzera chirwere.
4. Nhengo dzemuviri dzemuviri nematishu emuviri
Nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuviri nenyama dzine basa rakakosha mukuumbwa nekushanda kwesimba rekudzivirira muviri.
– Thymus gland: Nzvimbo yekukura kwemasero eT. Gland iri rinotanga kushanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye rinotanga kushanda zvishoma nezvishoma nekukura.
– Bone Marrow: Nzvimbo inoumbwa masero ese eropa, kusanganisira masero akakosha kumasoja emuviri.
– Spleen: Inoshanda pakusefa ropa, kugadzirisa masero matsvuku eropa ekare, uye inoita basa guru mukupindura kwemuviri kuburikidza nekuumbwa uye kushanda kwema lymphocytes.
– Lymph Nodes: Inoshanda semafirita ekuunganidza utachiona mu lymphatic fluid uye inzvimbo yekushanda kwemasero eB neT cells.
5. Nzira dzeMutemo neKushivirira
Kudzora mashandiro emuviri wekudzivirira chirwere kwakakosha kuti dziviriro yemuviri ishande zvakanaka pasina kurwisa nhengo dzemuviri, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere zve autoimmune.
– Masero eT anotonga: Anoita basa rekuchengetedza kushivirira kwemuviri, achidzivirira kupindura kwakawandisa kana kusingakoshi kwemuviri kune maantigen emuviri.
– Kushivirira Antigenic Tolerance: Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri yakadzidziswa kuziva nekushivirira maantigen emuviri panguva yekukura nekukura kwemasero ekudzivirira muviri, kudzivirira zvirwere zve autoimmune.
Mhedziso
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inzvimbo yakaoma ine dziviriro yakawanda, kubva pazvipingamupinyi zvemuviri nemakemikari kusvika kune mhinduro dzakanyatsojeka dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvayo zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuti zvinobatana sei ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira mishonga yekurapa, majekiseni, uye nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere. Nekufambira mberi nekukura kwesainzi, tinotarisira kuti tinogona kubudirira zvakanyanya mukutarisira nekushandisa sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri kuti hutano hwevanhu huve nani.
