Gini Coefficient: Kuyera Kusaenzana Kwehupfumi Munzanga
Pendauluan
Gini coefficient ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvehuwandu hwevanhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuyera kusaenzana kwemari inowanikwa kana kugoverwa kwepfuma mukati mevanhu. Yakaunzwa nenyanzvi yehuwandu hwevanhu vekuItaly Corrado Gini muna 1912, yave chiyero chakakosha mukuongorora hupfumi nemagariro evanhu, kunyanya mukuongorora kuenzana uye mitemo yemagariro evanhu.
Pfungwa neMafomula
Gini coefficient inoratidzwa senhamba iri pakati pa0 na1, kunyange zvazvo inogonawo kuratidzwa sechikamu chiri pakati pa0 na100. Kukosha kwe0 kunoratidza kuenzana kwakakwana, uko munhu wese kana mhuri ine mari yakafanana. Kusiyana neizvi, kukosha kwe1 kunoratidza kusaenzana kwakakwana, uko munhu mumwe chete kana mhuri inodzora mari yese kana pfuma. Pamasvomhu, Gini coefficient inoverengwa nekuenzanisa nzvimbo iri pasi peLorenz curve, iyo inomiririra kugoverwa kwemari.
Mutsetse weLorenz unoratidza huwandu hwemari inowanikwa nevanhu vakawanda. Mutsetse weLorenz uri kure nemutsetse wekuenzanisa (mutsetse wakapatsanurwa unoratidza kugoverwa kwakakwana), kusaenzana kwevanhu munharaunda iyoyo kunowedzera.
Maitiro Ekuverenga
Kuti tinzwisise kuti Gini coefficient inoyerwa sei, tinofanira kutarisa kuti inoverengwa sei. Imwe nzira yekuverenga Gini coefficient ndeyekushandisa fomura inotevera:
G = 1 – 2 ∫(L(p)) dp
apo G iri Gini coefficient, L(p) iri Lorenz curve, uye p iri chikamu chehuwandu hwevanhu. Kuverenga kunoshanda kunowanzoitwa nekuronga mari inowanikwa nemunhu mumwe nemumwe kana yemhuri zvichikwira, wobva waverenga kugoverwa kwayo kwakabatana.
Mashandisirwo uye Kukosha kweGini Coefficient
Munyika dzakawanda, Gini coefficient inoshandiswa sechiratidzo chekuongorora kuenzana kwehupfumi uye kubatsira mukugadzira mutemo wehurumende. Kukosha kukuru kunogona kukurudzira hurumende kuti dziite mitemo yekugovanisa pfuma, senge mitero inofambira mberi kana rubatsiro kumapoka ane mari shoma, kuderedza musiyano wehupfumi.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi rose, Gini coefficient inogona kubatsira kuenzanisa kusaenzana pakati penyika. Semuenzaniso, nyika dzeNordic dzakadai seNorway neSweden dzinowanzo ratidza maGini coefficients akaderera nekuda kwemaitiro avo emagariro evanhu anotsigira hutano nekugoverwazve kwemari. Kusiyana neizvi, nyika dziri kusimukira kana nyika dziri kusangana nematambudziko ehupfumi dzinogona kuratidza maGini coefficients akakwira nekuda kwekugovaniswa kwezviwanikwa zvisina kuenzana.
Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kusaenzana
Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukonzera kusaenzana munharaunda, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga Gini coefficient. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira:
1. Dzidzo: Kusawana dzidzo yemhando yepamusoro zvakaenzana kunogona kukonzera mutsauko mukukwanisa kuwana mabasa akanaka, zvichiita kuti kusaenzana kwemari inowanikwa nevanhu kuwedzere.
2. Mabasa Nemihoro: Musika wevashandi usina kuenzana panyaya yekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinodiwa nevanhu unogona kukonzera kusawirirana kukuru kwemihoro pakati pezvikamu.
3. Mutemo weMitero neKugovaniswazve: Sisitimu yemitero isingafambire mberi uye kushaikwa kwemari yekubatsira vanhu inogona kuwedzera musiyano wemari inowanikwa munharaunda.
4. Kuwana Mari Nezvikwereti: Kugona kuwana mari yebhizinesi nechikwereti kunogona kuwedzera mikana yehupfumi nehupfumi, izvo zvisingawanikwe zvakaenzana kune mazinga ese enharaunda.
Mhedzisiro yeKusaenzana
Kusarongeka kwakanyanya munyika kana munharaunda hakungogumiri pamatambudziko ehupfumi asiwo pamagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Mamwe ematambudziko aya anosanganisira:
– Kusagadzikana Kwemagariro Evanhu Nezvematongerwo Enyika: Kusarongeka kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kusagutsikana kwevanhu, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kana kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kukura kwehupfumi kwenguva refu.
– Zvinodzivisa Kubudirira Kwehupfumi: Nekusaenzana kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwezvinhu kuchaiswa mumapoka epamusoro, zvichitadzisa kukura kwemusika wemuno uyo unofanirwa kuva injini yekukura kwehupfumi.
– Kuparara kweSocial Trust: Musiyano wakakura pakati pevapfumi nevarombo unogona kuderedza kunzwa kwekubatana kwevanhu, kuparadza masocial network nekuvimbana pakati pevagari.
Kuedza Kuderedza Kusaenzana
Kugadzirisa kusaenzana kunoda hurongwa hwakazara uye mitemo inoenderera mberi. Zvimwe zvingaitwa zvinosanganisira:
– Dzidzo Yemhando Yepamusoro Uye Inodhura Zvishoma: Kuvandudza mukana wekuwana dzidzo uye mhando yayo kunogona kupa mikana yakaenzana uye kuderedza kusawirirana kwemari inowanikwa mune ramangwana.
- Mitemo yeKugadzirisa Mitero uye Kugovera Patsva: Kuunzwa kwehurongwa hwemitero hunofambira mberi uye kuwedzera kuchinjirwa kwemari munharaunda uye rubatsiro rwemari zvinogona kubatsira mukugovaniswa kwemari.
– Kusimudzira Hupfumi uye Kuwana Zvikwereti: Kutsigira mabhizinesi madiki nepakati uye kupa mukana wakakura wekuwana zvikwereti nemari yebhizinesi kunogona kuderedza kuvimba nehupfumi nemapoka mashoma.
– Kusimbisa Ruchengetedzo Rwevanhu: Sisitimu yakasimba yeruchengetedzo rwevanhu inogona kudzivirira mapoka ane mari shoma kubva mukuvhiringidzika kwehupfumi uye kutsigira kugadzikana kwenharaunda.
Mhedziso
Gini coefficient chishandiso chakakosha chekuyera nekunzwisisa kusaenzana kwehupfumi munyika kana dunhu. Nekukosha kwayo kuchipesvedzera mitemo yehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, ongororo uchishandisa Gini coefficient inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemamiriro ekuenzana munharaunda. Kunyange hazvo matambudziko ari makuru, nehurongwa hwakakodzera uye kuzvipira kwakasimba kwezvematongerwo enyika, kusaenzana kunogona kuderedzwa, zvichigadzira nzanga yakarongeka uye yakabudirira kune wese munhu.
