Zvinhu zveMakemikari Zviri Kuchinja Kwesimbi
Metali dzekuchinja (transition metals) iboka rezvinhu zvemakemikari zvine hunhu hwakasiyana hunokosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri, tekinoroji, uye zvipenyu. Mutafura yeperiodic, simbi dzekuchinja (transition metals) dzinoiswa mu-d-block, iyo inosanganisira mapoka 3 kusvika 12. Zita rekuti "transition metal" rinobva pakukwanisa kwezvinhu izvi kugadzira maion ane mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation, inova imwe yehunhu hwazvo hwakakosha. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvinhu zvemakemikari zviri musimbi dzekuchinja (transition metals) zvakadzama, hunhu hwazvo, uye mamwe emabasa azvo akakosha.
Hunhu hweTransition Metals
Maumbirwo eElectron
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zve transition metals i electron configuration yavo. Ma electron anozadza d orbitals chiratidzo chezvinhu izvi, uye configuration ye electron mu d orbitals idzi ndiyo inokonzera zvakawanda zvehunhu hwavo hwepanyama nemakemikari. Semuenzaniso, chromium ine configuration ye electron ye [Ar] 3d^5 4s^1, iyo inoratidza kuzadza zvishoma kwe d orbitals.
Kuchinja-chinja Mazinga eOxidation
Simbi dzekuchinja dzinozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwadzo kuratidza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kuumba ma ions ane machaji akasiyana, chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki kune zvinhu zviri kunze kwe transition metals. Semuenzaniso, manganese inogona kuva nemamiriro e oxidation ari pakati pe +2 kusvika +7.
Kurongeka Kwakaoma Kwemavara
Macomplexes ekubatana anoumbwa nesimbi dzinoshanduka anowanzova nemavara anonakidza nekuda kwekuchinja kwemaerekitironi avo kubva pa dd-d. Mavara aya anokonzerwa nekutorwa kwechiedza pahurefu hwema wavelengths chaiwo, izvo zvinoita kuti maerekitironi ari mu d-orbitals afare. Semuenzaniso, mhinduro ye copper(II) sulfate ine bhuruu, nepo mhinduro ye nickel(II) chloride ine girini.
Zvivakwa zveMagineti
Zvigadzirwa zveTransition metals zvinoratidzawo hunhu hwemagineti hwakasiyana, hungave hune paramagnetic (hune maerekitironi asina kupatsanurwa) kana kuti ferromagnetic (yakadai sesimbi, cobalt, uye nickel, iyo inogona kuchengetedza magnetization). Hunhu uhwu hunoita kuti dzive dzakakosha mukushandiswa kwakadai sekugadzira magineti uye zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza data.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo eTransition Metals
Simbi (Fe)
Simbi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukuchinja kwesimbi uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Simbi ine mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa iri +2 (ferrous) uye +3 (ferric). Imwe yemabasa makuru esimbi ndeyekugadzira simbi, chinhu chakakosha mukuvaka, kugadzira mota, uye mamwe matekinoroji akawanda.
Mhangura (Cu)
Mhangura isimbi inoshanduka inozivikanwa nekugona kwayo kupinza magetsi nekupisa. Inodzivirirawo ngura uye ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva pawaya dzemagetsi kusvika kuzvinhu zvemagetsi. Mhangura inoshandiswawo mukugadzira mapaipi emvura nekuda kwekusadzivirira ngura.
Nickel (Ni)
Nickel imwe simbi inoshanduka ine simba rekudzivirira ngura uye inowanzoshandiswa mu alloys kuwedzera simba uye kuramba oxidation. Imwe yemabasa makuru e nickel ndeyekugadzira simbi isingatsvedzeri, iyo inoshandiswa mumidziyo yemumba, michina yemumaindasitiri, uye zvishandiso zvekuvhiya.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium inozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rayo mukudzivirira ngura uye kupenya kune dzimwe simbi, senge mu chromium plating. Oxidation states +3 na +6 ndidzo dzinonyanya kuwanikwa. Chromium inokoshawo mukugadzirwa kwesimbi isingatsvedzeri uye inoshandiswa muindasitiri yeganda.
Platinum (Pt)
Platinum isimbi inoshanduka yakasimba zvikuru isingasanganisike nemakemikari mazhinji. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakosha mukushandiswa kunoda kuramba ngura uye oxidation, senge zvinokonzeresa mota, zvishongo, uye zvishandiso zvekurapa zvakaita se pacemaker.
Titanium (Ti)
Titanium isimbi inozivikanwa nekusimba kwayo kukuru, huremu hwayo hushoma, uye kuramba ngura. Nekuda kwehunhu uhwu, titanium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yendege, mishonga (yakadai sema "implants" emapfupa), uye zvinhu zvemitambo zvepamusoro.
Zirconium (Zr)
Zirconium inodzivirira ngura zvakafanana neplatinum asi inodhura zvishoma, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanaka yekushandiswa mumaindasitiri akadai semanuclear reactors uye makemikari anopisa. Zirconium inoshandiswawo mukugadzira mapaipi nemidziyo yekuvhiya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo zvakanaka.
Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt inozivikanwa nekufambiswa kwayo nemagineti uye inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira magineti, mabhatiri e lithium-ion, uye sechinhu chinobatsira muindasitiri yemakemikari. Cobalt inokoshawo mukugadzira alloys dzinoda kuramba kupisa uye oxidation.
Ruthenium (Ru)
Ruthenium isimbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemagetsi uye sechinhu chinobatsira pakugadzira zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, mumakemikari eorganic, ruthenium inoshandiswa mukuita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakafanana, zvakaita sekugadzira ammonia.
Basa reZvisikwa zveMasimbi Anoshanduka
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwadzo mumaindasitiri netekinoroji, dzimwe simbi dzinoshanduka dzakakoshawo mubiology. Semuenzaniso, simbi chinhu chakakosha muhemoglobin, puroteni inotakura okisijeni muropa. Mhangura inoshanda mune mamwe maenzymes anobatanidzwa mukufema kwemasero. Zinc, kunyangwe iri mu p-block, inowanzoonekwa senhengo yesimbi dzinoshanduka nekuda kwebasa rayo guru mumaenzymes mazhinji nemamwe mabasa ehupenyu.
Mhedziso
Simbi dzekuchinja dzinofukidza tafura yeperiodic dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzine hunhu hwakasiyana hunodziita kuti dzive dzakakosha muminda yakasiyana-siyana. Kubva pakushandiswa kwemaindasitiri senge kugadzira simbi nemagetsi kusvika pabasa radzo rinokosha mubiology, simbi dzekuchinja ndeimwe yemapoka ezvinhu zvinoshanduka-shanduka uye zvakavimbika. Kunzwisisa hunhu hwadzo nemashandisirwo adzo kunotibvumira kuramba tichishandisa kugona kwakazara kwezvinhu izvi mukuvandudza tekinoroji mune ramangwana uye kuwanikwa kwesainzi.
