Dzidziso yeValence Chemical Bond
Dzidziso yeValence bond idzidziso inotsanangura kuti maatomu anobatana sei kuti agadzire mamorekuru. Dzidziso iyi inoita basa guru mukemistri, mukunzwisisa chimiro chemamorekuru uye mukutsanangura maitiro emakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura hwaro hwedzidziso, misimboti mikuru, uye mamwe mashandisirwo akakosha edzidziso yeValence.
Nhanganyaya yeChidzidzo cheKubatanidza Makemikari
Tisati takurukura zvakadzama nezve valence theory, zvakakosha kunzwisisa dzimwe pfungwa huru mu chemical bonding. Chemical bond ihukama huripo pakati pemaatomu maviri hunobvumira kuumbwa kwe chemical compound. Ma bond aya anogona kuva covalent, ionic, kana metallic. Covalent bonds dzinosanganisira kugovaniswa kwema electron pairs pakati pemaatomu, ionic bonds dzinosanganisira kutamiswa kwema electron kubva paatomu imwe kuenda kune imwe, uye metallic bonds ibonds dzinoitika pakati pemaatomu esimbi mu "gungwa" rema electron anofamba zvakasununguka.
Dzidziso yeValence inotarisa pamabond ecovalent uye kuti maerekitironi maviri anogoverwa kana kugoverwa sei pakati pemaatomu anobatanidzwa.
Nheyo dzedzidziso yeValence
Dzidziso yeValence yakadzika midzi mupfungwa yekuti valence yeatomu, inova nhamba yezvisungo zvinogona kuumbwa neatomu, inotsanangurwa nemaerekitironi ayo eValence. Maerekitironi eValence ndiwo maerekitironi anogara muchikamu chekunze cheatomu uye anowanzo tora chikamu mukubatana kwemakemikari.
Chimiro chaLewis
Imwe yenzira huru mudzidziso yeValence ndeye Lewis Notation kana kuti Lewis Structure, yakatangwa naGilbert N. Lewis muna 1916. Iyi notation inoshandisa madotsi akatenderedza chiratidzo cheatomu kumiririra maerekitironi evalence. Uchishandisa nzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kufanotaura kuti maatomu achabatana sei mumamorekuru. Semuenzaniso, kune molekyuru yemvura (H2O), chimiro cheLewis chinoratidza kuti okisijeni ine maerekitironi matanhatu evalence, uye hydrogen yega yega ine electron imwe chete yevalence. Nekugadzira ma covalent bonds maviri (bond yega yega ine electron pair imwe chete), hydrogen yega yega neatomu yeokisijeni zvinowana electron configuration yakagadzikana.
Dzidziso yeVSEPR
Pamusoro pemaumbirwo eLewis, modhi yeVSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) inowanzo shandiswa mudzidziso yevalence kufanotaura maumbirwo emamorekuru. VSEPR idzidziso yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti maerekitironi maviri akatenderedza atomu yepakati anodzingana uye anowanzo paradzana zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinoguma ne geometry yemamorekuru inofanotaurwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemaerekitironi maviri anosungana uye maerekitironi maviri chete. Semuenzaniso, molekyuru yeCH4 (methane) ine chimiro chetetrahedral nekuti maerekitironi mana anosungana anopatsanurwa munzvimbo ine mativi matatu kuti awane kupararira kwakanyanya.
Kusanganiswa kweOrbital
Kusanganiswa kweorbital imwe pfungwa inokosha mudzidziso yevalence. Kusanganiswa kunotsanangura kusanganiswa kweatomu orbitals kuti kugadzire orbitals itsva dzehybrid dzinogona kuumba zvisungo zvinobudirira. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni muCH4 inopinda musanganiswa we sp3, apo imwe s orbital uye matatu p orbitals zvinobatana kuti zvigadzire orbitals ina dzakafanana dze sp3. Izvi zvinobvumira kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvina zvakaenzana zve sigma (σ), zvichikonzera chimiro che tetrahedral.
Mashandisirwo uye Kukosha kweValence Theory
Kufanotaura Kwemaumbirwo Emamorekuru
Imwe yenzira huru dzekushandisa dzidziso yeValence ndeyekufanotaura maumbirwo emamorekuru. Nekushandisa pfungwa dzakadai seLewis structures, VSEPR, uye hybridization, ma chemistry anogona kunyatsoona chimiro uye hunhu hwemamorekuru. Semuenzaniso, chimiro cheV-shaped chemorekuru yemvura chakaongororwa uye chakafanotaurwa uchishandisa dzidziso yeValence neVSEPR, izvo zvinotsanangura kuti nei mvura ine angle yebond inenge 104.5°.
Hunhu hweMakemikari uye Kuitazve
Dzidziso yeValence ine basawo pakuona hunhu hwemakemikari uye reactivity yemamorekuru. Semuenzaniso, mu organic chemistry, double bonds (yakadai seyakawanikwa mu ethene, C2H4) ine simba rakawanda uye nekudaro inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura single bonds (yakadai seyaiva mu ethane, C2H6). Kufungidzira uku kunobvumira ma chemicals kugadzira reactions emakemikari anoshanda murabhoritari.
Kemistri yezvekurapa uye yemishonga
Mukurapa uye mishonga, dzidziso yeValence inobatsira masayendisiti mukugadzira mishonga. Kunzwisisa kudyidzana kweValence kunogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwemamorekuru emishonga anonyatsonanga nzvimbo dzinoshanda mumaenzyme kana mapuroteni. Kunzwisisa kuti mishonga inobatana sei nezvinangwa zvayo kwakakosha pakugadzira mishonga chaiyo isina migumisiro yakawanda.
Zvinhu zvePolymer neKemistri
Zvakanyanya, dzidziso ye "valence bond" yakakanganisawo zvakanyanya zvinhu uye polymer chemistry. Nekushandisa marongerwo emamorekuru kuburikidza nemisimboti ye "valence", masayendisiti akagadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine hunhu hunodiwa, zvakaita sesimba guru, kuchinjika, uye kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yendege nemotokari.
Kuganhurirwa kweValence Theory
Kufanana nedzimwe dzidziso dzesainzi, dzidziso yeValence ine miganhu. Imwe miganhu ndeyekuti haipe mufananidzo wakakwana wekupararira kwemaerekitironi mukati memorekuru. Semuenzaniso, dzidziso yeValence haigone kutsanangura zvizere hunhu hwemagineti hwemamorekuru akaita seO2 (oxygen), iyo ine hunhu hweparamagnetic hunotsanangurwa zviri nani nedzidziso yeMolecular Orbital.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yeValence Bond ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha hwekemikari yemazuva ano. Kubva kuLewis Structures neVSEPR kusvika kuorbital hybridization, pfungwa yega yega inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pakunzwisisa covalent bonding uye mamorekuru. Nekushandiswa kwakapararira mukufanotaura chimiro chemamorekuru, kunzwisisa reactivity yemakemikari, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, dzidziso iyi inoramba iri mbiru yekuwanikwa kwemakemikari uye hunyanzvi.
Sechishandiso chinokosha muzvishandiso zvesainzi, dzidziso yeValence inotibvumira kwete kungonzwisisa nyika yemamorekuru chete asiwo kuishandisa kuti ibatsire vanhu, kubva kumishonga kusvika kuzvinhu zvepamusoro. Kunyange zvazvo paine zvipingamupinyi zvinoda dzidziso dzakawedzerwa kana dzakaoma, mipiro yedzidziso yeValence inoramba isingatsiviwi mukemikari.
