Hunhu hweMakemikari eZvinhu Zvinoshanduka
Zvinhu zvekuchinja zvinhu zvinhu zvemakemikari zviri mu d-block yetafura yemazuva ano ye periodic, kutanga kubva kuboka rechitatu kusvika kuboka regumi nemaviri. Zvinogara pakati petafura ye periodic, zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), uye gold (Au). Zvinozivikanwa nekugona kwazvo kwakawanda uye mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, zvinhu zvekuchinja zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakasiyana uye hunonakidza. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura hunhu hwemakemikari hwezvinhu zvekuchinja, basa razvo mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana, uye pesvedzero yazvo panyika ye chemistry.
1. Kuvapo kwemaerekitironi e d
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekuchinja kwezvinhu ndechekuvapo kwema-d-electron asina kukwana kana kuti asina kuzadzwa zvakakwana musimba rawo rekunze. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvisingawanikwe mune zvimwe zvinhu. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chekuchinja chine magadzirirwo akasiyana emaerekitironi, ayo anokanganisa zvakananga hunhu hwayo hwemakemikari senge kugadzikana kwemamiriro e oxidation uye kuumbwa kwakaoma.
Semuenzaniso, maion eFe²⁺ neFe³⁺ ari musimbi, uye maion eCu⁺ neCu²⁺ ari mumhangura, anoratidza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation anogona kushandiswa nezvinhu zvinoshanduka. Izvi zvinopa kushanduka-shanduka mukuita kwemakemikari, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwemuviri nemakemikari.
2. Hunhu hweOxidation uye Kuderedza Oxidation
Zvinhu zvinoshanduka zvinozivikanwa netsika yazvo yekuratidza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation. Izvi zvinokonzerwawo ne d-electron configuration yazvo, iyo inovabvumira kurasikirwa kana kuwana maerekitironi zviri nyore. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze oxidation states idzi dzinopa zvinhu zvinoshanduka kugona kutora chikamu mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana e redox.
Semuenzaniso, manganese (Mn) inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze oxidation, kubva pa +2 kusvika +7. Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi dze oxidation inoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari uye inobvumira manganese kutora chikamu mukuita redox reactions dzakaoma, senge mu photosynthesis muzvisikwa uye catalytic reactions muindasitiri.
3. Kuumbwa Kwakaomarara
Kugona kwesimbi dzinoshanduka kugadzira macomplexes ekubatana ndeimwe yemhando dzadzo dzemakemikari dzinonyanya kushamisa. Maion esimbi dzinoshanduka ane katsika kekukwezva ma ligand akasiyana, ayo ari mamorekuru kana maion ane maerekitironi maviri chete anogona kupihwa kuion yesimbi, kuti agadzire macompounds akaomarara.
Macomplex aya anoita basa rakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu neindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, hemoglobin iri muropa isimbi inobatanidza okisijeni, zvichiita kuti ifambe mumuviri wese. Mumaindasitiri, zvinhu zvinochinja-chinja zvesimbi zvakaita seplatinum mukugadzirisa mashandiro e catalytic zvinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemafuta nemamwe makemikari.
4. Ruvara uye Magnetism
Hunhu hwemagineti nehwemagineti hwesimbi dzinoshanduka hwakasiyana-siyana uye hunonakidza. Mavara akasiyana esimbi dzinoshanduka anokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwema-d-electron avo uye kuti vanobatana sei nechiedza. Kuchinja kwemaerekitironi pakati pemazinga akasiyana esimba re-d kunokonzera kubatwa kwechiedza pahurefu hwemawimbi, zvichipa makemikari avo mavara awo chaiwo.
Magnetism chimwe chinhu chakakosha zvikuru. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanduka, zvakaita sesimbi, cobalt (Co), uye nickel, zvine ferromagnetic, zvichireva kuti zvinogona kugadzikiswa uye kuchengetedza magnetization yazvo pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemashandisirwo etekinoroji, senge kugadzira mota dzemagetsi, majenareta, uye zvishandiso zvekuchengetera data.
5. Chinosimudzira
Basa rezvinhu zvinoshanduka sezvinhu zvinokonzeresa hazvifanirwe kufuratirwa. Zvinokonzeresa simbi zvinoshanduka zvinoita basa guru mukukurumidzisa makemikari asingachinjwe zvachose. Basa rekugadzirisa simbi dzinoshanduka rakakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari, kusanganisira indasitiri yepetrochemical nemishonga.
Semuenzaniso, muHaber-Bosch process yekugadzira ammonia, iron inoshandiswa se catalyst kuti ikurumidze reaction iri pakati penitrogen nehydrogen. Mukuita uku, kuvapo kwema d-electron asina kupatsanurwa mu iron kunobvumira kudyidzana kwakananga nema reactant molecules, zvichikurumidzisa reaction rate uye kuwedzera kushanda kwayo.
6. Kuwanda uye Kukwanisika Kwezvinhu
Kunyangwe zvinhu zvinoshanduka zvichiwanzova zvishoma pane zvinhu zve s- ne p-block, zvakawanda zvacho zvinowanikwa muhuwandu hwakakwana mugomba rePasi zvekuti zvinogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, simbi ndeimwe yesimbi dzakawanda kwazvo pasi pano uye inoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka nekugadzira simbi.
Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seplatinum nepalladium hazviwanzo kuwanikwa uye zvave kukosha zvikuru nekuda kwekushaikwa kwazvo uye kushandiswa kwakawanda mukushandiswa kwetekinoroji yepamusoro senge zvinokonzeresa mota nemagetsi.
7. Simba paSainzi neTekinoroji
Hunhu hwemakemikari hwakasiyana hwezvinhu zvinoshanduka hwakagadzira nzira yekuwana zvinhu zvakawanda uye kufambira mberi musainzi netekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirwa kwe electron spectroscopy, nzira inoshandiswa kudzidza chimiro chemaatomu nemamorekuru, inoenderana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwekuchinja kwemaerekitironi musimbi dzinoshanduka.
Pamusoro pezvo, mu nanotechnology, transition metal nanoparticles dzakadai segoridhe nesirivha dzinoshandiswa pakushandisa kubva pakurapa kusvika kuma chemical sensors. Hunhu hwakasiyana hwe optical ne electronic hwe nanoparticles idzi hunopa mhinduro itsva kumatambudziko emazuva ano mune tekinoroji nehutano.
8. Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza uye Kufunga Nezvedu
Pasinei nezvakanaka zvakawanda zvadziinazvo, kucherwa nekushandiswa kwesimbi dzinoshanduka kunounzawo matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Kucherwa kwesimbi dzinoshanduka kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo. Nokudaro, kutonga marara uye nzira dzekuchera dzinogara kwenguva refu dzakakosha kutsigira kutonga kwezviwanikwa zvisina njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza.
Mhedziso
Zvinhu zvinoshanduka iboka rezvinhu zvine hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwemakemikari. Kubva pakukwanisa kwazvo kuratidza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana e oxidation, kuumba ma complexes, uye kushanda se catalysts, zvinoita basa rakakosha mumaitiro mazhinji emakemikari netekinoroji. Pasinei nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza anotarisana nawo mukubvisa nekushandisa kwavo, kugona uye mashandisirwo ezvinhu zvinoshanduka hazvigone kurerutswa.
Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji uye kutsvagurudza kwakawanda pakunzwisisa hunhu hwadzo hwemakemikari nemuviri kucharamba kuchigonesa kushandiswa kwadzo zvakanaka uye kuchikanganisa budiriro yevanhu. Simbi dzinoshanduka, dzine hunhu hwadzo hwakasiyana, dzinoramba dziri pakati pemabasa esainzi nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji.
