Maitiro eMakemikari Anoitika Mumabhatiri
Mabhatiri ave chimwe chezvinhu zvitsva zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu, achishandisa michina yekupa simba kubva pawachi kusvika kumotokari dzemagetsi. Chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti bhatiri rishande inyaya yemakemikari anoitika mairi. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura nezvemakemikari anoshandiswa pakushanda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeMabhatiri
Bhatiri rekutanga rakagadzirwa naAlessandro Volta muna 1800. Akagadzira "Voltaic Pile," iyo yaishandisa murwi wemaplate emhangura nezinc akaparadzaniswa nejira rakanyikwa mumushonga wemunyu. Kugadzira uku kwakagadzira nzira yekugadzira mabhatiri anoshanda zviri nani uye anotakurika.
Nheyo dzeBattery
Nheyo huru yemabhatiri ese ndeyekugadzira magetsi kuburikidza nemakemikari. Bhatiri rega rega rine zvikamu zvikuru zvitatu: anode, cathode, uye electrolyte.
– Anode ndiyo electrode isina kunaka inoburitsa maerekitironi panguva ye electrochemical reaction.
– Cathode ndiyo electrode yakanaka inogamuchira maerekitironi.
– Electrolyte inzira inobvumira kufamba kwemaion pakati peanode necathode, zvichiita kuti makemikari ashande zvakanaka.
Maitiro anoitika mubhatiri anonzi redox (reduction-oxidation). Paanode, maitiro eoxidation anoitika, nepo pacathode, maitiro ekuderedza anoitika.
Bhatiri reAlkaline
Mabhatiri ealkaline ndeimwe yemhando dzemabhatiri anonyanya kushandiswa. Anowanzo shandiswa mumidziyo ine simba shoma senge maremote eTV nematochi.
Chikamu
– Anode: Zinc (Zn)
– Kathodi: Manganese dioxide (MnO₂)
– Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Maitiro emakemikari
Mubhatiri realkaline, mhinduro inoitika ndeiyi:
– Anode (Kuoxidation):
Zn (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Zn(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Cathode (Kuderedza):
2 MnO₂ (s) + 2 H₂O (l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 MnO(OH) (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
Mhinduro yese inogadzirwa ndeiyi:
Zn(s) + 2 MnO₂(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn₂O₃(s)
Munguva iyi, zinc pa anode inosanganiswa kuti igadzire zinc oxide (ZnO), nepo manganese dioxide pa cathode ichideredzwa kuita Mn₂O₃.
Bhatiri reAcid Lead
Mabhatiri ane lead-acid anozivikanwa zvikuru semhando yebhatiri rinoshandiswa mumotokari senzvimbo yemagetsi ekutanga. Mabhatiri aya anowanzo kuwanikwawo mumasisitimu ekuchengetedza simba muUPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies).
Chikamu
- Anode: Lead (Pb)
– Kathodi: Lead dhayiokisaidhi (PbO₂)
– Electrolyte: Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
Maitiro emakemikari
Mubhatiri rine lead acid, mhinduro inoitika ndeiyi:
– Anode (Kuoxidation):
Pb(s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) → PbSO₄(s) + 2 e⁻
– Cathode (Kuderedza):
PbO₂ (s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) + 4 H⁺ (aq) + 2 e⁻ → PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
Mhinduro yese inogadzirwa ndeiyi:
Pb (s) + PbO₂ (s) + 2 H₂SO₄ (aq) → 2 PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
Sulfuric acid inoshanda se electrolyte, ichibatsira kutamiswa kwema ions pakati pe anode ne cathode. Kana bhatiri rachajwazve, izvi zvinodzoserwa shure, zvichidzosera Pb nePbO₂ kuma electrodes avo.
Lithium-Ion Battery
Mabhatiri eLithium-ion ndeimwe yemhando dzakakurumbira dzemabhatiri emazuva ano, anoshandiswa mumidziyo yemagetsi inotakurika senge nharembozha, malaptop, uye mota dzemagetsi.
Chikamu
– Anode: Graphite yakabatana ne lithium ions (LiC₆)
– Cathode: Yakasimba ine zvikamu zvakaita se lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄), kana lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄)
– Electrolyte: Musanganiswa wemvura wemapolymer ane lithium salts.
Maitiro emakemikari
Mumabhatiri e lithium-ion, maitiro anoitika ndeaya:
– Anode (Kubuda):
LiC₆ → C₆ + Li⁺ + e⁻
– Cathode (Kuburitsa):
LiCoO₂ + Li⁺ + e⁻ → LiCoO₂
Mhinduro yese inoitika panguva yekubuda kweropa ndeiyi:
C₆Li + LiCoO₂ → C₆ + CoO₂ + Li₂O
Zvinoitika kana bhatiri rachajwa. Panguva yekuchaja, lithium-ions inodzokera ku graphite anode kubva ku cathode.
Bhatiri reNickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
Mabhatiri eNickel-Cadmium ave achishandiswa kwenguva refu pakushandisa zvinoda nguva nenguva kuchaja nekuburitsa simba, zvakaita sematurusi emagetsi nemidziyo yekurapa.
Chikamu
– Anode: Cadmium (Cd)
– Cathode: Nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH))
– Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Maitiro emakemikari
Mubhatiri reNickel-Cadmium, maitiro anoitika ndeaya:
– Anode (Kuoxidation):
Cd (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Cathode (Kuderedza):
2 NiO(OH) (s) + 2 H₂O (l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 Ni(OH)₂ (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
Mhinduro yese inogadzirwa ndeiyi:
Cd (s) + 2 NiO(OH) (s) + 2 H₂O (l) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 Ni(OH)₂ (s)
Mukuita uku, cadmium iri pa anode inosanganiswa kuita cadmium hydroxide, nepo nickel oxide hydroxide iri pa cathode inoderedzwa kuita nickel hydroxide.
Mhedziso
Mabhatiri ane basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ano, uye kunzwisisa mashandiro emakemikari anoitika maari ndiko kunokosha pakugadzira matekinoroji anoshanda zviri nani. Angave mabhatiri ari nyore ealkaline kana mabhatiri e lithium-ion akaomarara, mabhatiri ese anovimba nepfungwa huru ye redox reactions kuti agadzire magetsi. Nekufambira mberi mukutsvagisa uye hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, tinogona kutarisira kuti mabhatiri emangwana achava anoshanda zvakanyanya, akasimba, uye asina njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza.
Nekunzwisisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvemakemikari zviri shure kwemabhatiri aya, tinogona kunzwisisa tekinoroji inosimbisa zvinhu zvakawanda muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
