Kunzwisisa Enthalpy uye Entropy
Mukemikari nethermodynamics, enthalpy ne entropy ipfungwa mbiri dzakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro anoita masisitimu esimba. Dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari, maitiro emuviri, uye kunyangwe matekinoroji esimba rinogona kudzokororwa. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura zvakadzama enthalpy ne entropy uye kuti dzinoshanda sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
Kunzwisisa Enthalpy
Tsanangudzo yeEnthalpy
Enthalpy imhando yethermodynamic inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwese hwesimba riri musystem, kusanganisira simba remukati nesimba riri muchimiro chekumanikidzwa uye vhoriyamu. Enthalpy inowanzo kumiririrwa nebhii \( H \) uye inoyerwa muzvikamu zvejoules (J) muInternational System (SI).
Pamasvomhu, enthalpy inogona kutsanangurwa se:
\[ H = U + PV \]
apo \( U \) iri simba remukati mehurongwa, \( P \) iri kumanikidzwa, uye \( V \) iri vhoriyamu.
Basa reEnthalpy muKuita kweMakemikari
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emakemikari, shanduko ye enthalpy (\( \Delta H \)) inoratidza kana reaction iri exothermic (kusunungura simba muchimiro chekupisa) kana endothermic (simba rinotora). Kana \( \Delta H \) iri negative, reaction iri exothermic; kana \( \Delta H \) iri positive, reaction iri endothermic.
Semuenzaniso, mukupiswa kwemafuta akadai semethane (\( CH_4 \)):
\[ CH_4 + 2O_2 \museve wekurudyi CO_2 + 2H_2O + simba \]
Kuita uku kunoburitsa simba, saka kune chiratidzo chekusashanda zvakanaka \( \Delta H \).
Kuyera Enthalpy
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hatigone kuyera enthalpy yakakwana yehurongwa, asi tinogona kuyera shanduko mu enthalpy (\( \Delta H \)). Mukuyedza kwerabhoritari, shanduko dze enthalpy dzinowanzo kuyerwa uchishandisa calorimetry, kureva, nekuyera huwandu hwekupisa kunoburitswa kana kunyudzwa panguva ye reaction.
Kunzwisisa Entropy
Tsanangudzo yeEntropy
Entropy chiyero chekusagadzikana kana nyonganyonga muhurongwa. Mu thermodynamics, entropy inowanzo kumiririrwa nebhii \( S \) uye inoyerwawo muzvikamu zvejoules pa kelvin (J/K) muInternational System (SI). Pfungwa ye entropy yakatanga kuunzwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuGermany Rudolf Clausius muzana remakore rechi19.
Entropy inomiririrwa ne equation:
\[ \Delta S = \frac{q_{rev}}{T} \]
apo \( \Delta S \) iri shanduko mu entropy, \( q_{rev} \) iri kupisa kunotamiswa mukuita kunodzoserwa, uye \( T \) iri tembiricha yakakwana.
Nheyo yeEntropy muThermodynamics
Imwe yenheyo huru dzethermodynamics ndeyekuti muchadenga munowedzera entropy. Nemamwe mashoko, maitiro echisikigo anogara achiwedzera nyonganyonga kana kusagadzikana. Nheyo iyi inozivikanwa seMutemo wechipiri weThermodynamics.
Entropy muKuita Kwemakemikari
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emakemikari, shanduko mu entropy (\( \Delta S \)) inotiudza kana zvigadzirwa zve reaction zvakarongeka kana kuti zvisina kurongeka zvichienzaniswa nezvinogadziriswa. Kana \( \Delta S \) iri positive, zvigadzirwa zvacho hazvina kurongeka zvakanyanya; kana \( \Delta S \) iri negative, zvigadzirwa zvacho zvakarongeka zvakanyanya.
Muenzaniso unowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura pfungwa iyi ndeyekusanganiswa kwemagasi maviri. Kana magasi maviri akasanganiswa, huwandu hwese hwe entropy yehurongwa hunowedzera nekuti mamorekuru egasi anopararira zvakanyanya uye anokanganiswa.
Kudyidzana Pakati peEnthalpy neEntropy: Gibbs Function
Kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama kuti enthalpy ne entropy pamwe chete zvinokanganisa sei maitiro emakemikari uye maitiro ethermodynamic, tinofanira kutarisa basa reGibbs kana simba reGibbs, iro rinoratidzwa ne \( G \).
Simba risina Gibbs rinotsanangurwa se:
\[ G = H – TS \]
apo \( H \) iri enthalpy, \( T \) iri tembiricha yakakwana, uye \( S \) iri entropy.
Kuchinja kwesimba reGibbs (\( \Delta G \)) kunoratidza kuti maitiro kana kuti maitiro acho anongoerekana aitika. Kana \( \Delta G \) ari negative, maitiro acho anongoerekana aitika. Kana \( \Delta G \) ari positive, maitiro acho haazoitiki ega. Kana \( \Delta G \) ari zero, system yacho iri mu equilibrium.
Muenzaniso wenyaya
Ngatifungei nezvemaitiro ekunyungudutsa chando kuita mvura pa 0°C (273.15 K):
\[ H_2O_{(s)} \rightarrow H_2O_{(l)} \]
Mukuita uku, pane shanduko ye enthalpy (\( \Delta H \)) nekuti zvinoda simba kuti zvipwanye zvisungo zviri muaizi. Panewo shanduko ye entropy (\( \Delta S \)) nekuti mvura yemvura inenge isina kurongeka kupfuura chando.
Kuchinja kwe enthalpy yechando chakanyunguduka kunenge +6.01 kJ/mol, uye kuchinja kwe entropy kunenge +22.0 J/K·mol. Tinogona kuverenga \( \Delta G \) kuti tiwane kutsarukana kwemaitiro acho:
\[ \Delta G = \Delta H – T \Delta S \]
Pa 0°C (273.15 K):
\[ \Delta G = 6010 – 273.15 \kawa 22 \]
\[ \Delta G = 6010 – 6009.3 \inenge 0.7 \chinyorwa{ J/mol} \]
Sezvo \( \Delta G \) iri pedyo ne zero, izvi zvinoratidza kuti maitiro ekunyungudutsa chando pa 0°C ari mu equilibrium.
Kukosha Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Kunzwisisa enthalpy ne entropy kwakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwevanhu, kubva patekinoroji kusvika kusayenzi yehutano. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yezvikafu, maitiro ekubika nekuchengetedza anowanzo sanganisira kudzora shanduko dze enthalpy ne entropy kuchengetedza mhando yechikafu. Muhunyanzvi hwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve, senge masero ezuva nemabhatiri, ongororo ye thermodynamic inobatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika.
Pamusoro pezvo, mune zvakatipoteredza, misimboti ye enthalpy ne entropy inogona kushandiswa kunzwisisa maitiro echisikigo akadai sekutenderera kwemvura, photosynthesis, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Ruzivo urwu runobatsirawo mukugadzira matekinoroji nemaitiro ekuderedza migumisiro yakaipa yezvakatipoteredza.
Mhedziso
Enthalpy ne entropy ipfungwa mbiri dzakabatana dze thermodynamic dzakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari neemuviri. Enthalpy ine chekuita nesimba rese rehurongwa, nepo entropy ichiratidza mwero wekusagadzikana kana kusagadzikana. Kudyidzana pakati pe enthalpy ne entropy, sekuyerwa nebasa reGibbs, kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukusagadzikana uye kuenzana kwemaitiro e thermodynamic. Kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi hakungokoshi chete mudzidziso asiwo kune mashandisirwo anoshanda mu tekinoroji, indasitiri, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
