Nzira yekuparadzanisa musanganiswa weChromatography
Pendauluan
Chromatography ndeimwe yenzira dzinoshanda uye dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzekuparadzanisa musanganiswa wemakemikari, dzinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi nemaindasitiri. Zita rekuti "chromatography" rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "chroma," zvichireva ruvara, uye "graphein," zvichireva kunyora. Kunyangwe nzira iyi pakutanga yaishandiswa kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvine mavara, nhasi chromatography inogona kushandiswa kuparadzanisa, kuona, uye kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvine mavara nezvisina ruvara.
Nheyo dzeChimiro cheChromatography
Chaizvoizvo, chromatography inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri: chikamu chisingachinji uye chikamu chinofamba. Chikamu chisingachinji chinhu chinoramba chakamira uye chinonamatira pakoramu kana pamusoro, nepo chikamu chinofamba chiri mvura kana gasi rinoyerera nepakati pechikamu chisingachinji. Zvinhu zviri mumuenzaniso zvinoparadzaniswa zvichienderana nemusiyano wehuwandu hwekufamba kwavo pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi.
Nzira yeChromatography
1. Kugadzira Chromatography yePepa
Kunyora chromatography yepepa ndeimwe yenzira dziri nyore kushandisa. Munzira iyi, bepa rinoshanda sechikamu chenguva dzose, uye mhinduro (kazhinji mvura kana musanganiswa wezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvakasikwa) inoshanda sechikamu chenguva dzose. Muenzaniso unoiswa kumashure kwepepa, wobva wanyikwa muchikamu chenguva dzose. Chinhu chinonyungudutsa chinoyerera mupepa, chinotakura zvinhu zvemusanganiswa nazvo nemazinga akasiyana, zvichibva pakubatana kwazvo kwechikamu chenguva dzose uye chenguva dzose. Iyi inzira iri nyore uye inoshanda yekuparadzanisa zvinhu zvine polarity dzakasiyana.
2. Kuongororwa kweChromatography yeChikamu Chitete (TLC)
TLC imwe nzira iri nyore uye inokurumidza. Inoshandisa ndiro yegirazi, yesimbi, kana yepurasitiki yakafukidzwa nechikamu chakatetepa che adsorbent senge silica gel kana alumina sechikamu chisingachinji. Muenzaniso unoiswa pasi peplate, wobva waisa ndiro mumudziyo une chikamu chisina kudzika che solvent (chikamu chinofamba). Solvent inokwira nepakati peplate ne capillary action, kutakura nekuparadzanisa zvikamu zvemuenzaniso. Mhedzisiro yekuparadzanisa inogona kuonekwa zvakananga pasi pechiedza cheUV kana nekuita ne reagents dzakakosha.
3. Chromatography yeKoramu
Kuongororwa kwekoramu kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwekoramu yakamiswa yakazadzwa nechikamu chisina kusimba, senge silica gel kana alumina. Chikamu chinofambiswa, chinogona kuva mhinduro yeorganic kana musanganiswa wezvinonyungudutsa, chinopfuudzwa nekoramu yakazadzwa nemuenzaniso. Zvinhu zviri mumuenzaniso zvinoparadzaniswa zvichienderana nekubatana kwazvo nechikamu chisina kusimba uye kufamba muchikamu chinofambiswa. Kuongororwa kwekoramu kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai se high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) uye flash liquid chromatography.
4. Gas Chromatography (Gas Chromatography – GC)
GC inoshandiswa kupatsanura nekuongorora macompounds anoshanduka. Munzira iyi, chikamu chisingachinji chinowanzova mvura yakaputirwa pachinhu chisina kushanda uye chinoiswa mu capillary column, nepo chikamu chinotenderera chiri gasi rakaita se helium kana nitrogen. Muenzaniso unopinzwa mu column, uko macompounds anoshanduka uye anotakurwa negasi risina simba. Kupatsanurwa kunoitika mukati me column zvichibva pakusiyana kwekushanduka uye kudyidzana kwemacompounds nechikamu chisingachinji. Chinoongorora pamagumo e column chinoyera huwandu hwe compound imwe neimwe inoburitswa, zvichibvumira ongororo yehuwandu uye yehunhu.
5. Kuongororwa kweLiquid Chromatography (HPLC)
HPLC ishanduro yakagadziridzwa ye column chromatography inoshandisa high pressure kupomba moved phase kuburikidza ne column yakazadzwa ne microscopic particles se stationary phase. Iyi nzira inopa resolution iri nani uye inobvumira kukurumidza uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemacompounds. Ma detector akasiyana-siyana anogona kushandiswa mu HPLC, kusanganisira UV-Vis, fluorescence, uye mass spectrometry, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana mu chemical, biological, uye pharmaceutical analysis.
Zvakanakira uye Zvakaipira zveChromatography
Kufanana nechero nzira yesainzi, chromatography ine zvakanakira nezvayakaipira zvinoda kutariswa.
Superiority:
1. Kunzwa Kwakanyanya: Chromatography inogona kuona nekuparadzanisa makemikari muhuwandu hushoma.
2. Kuchinja-chinja: Inogona kushandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana dzemasampuli, kusanganisira magasi, mvura, uye zvinhu zvakasimba.
3. Kumhanya: Matekiniki epamusoro akadai seHPLC neGC anobvumira kuongororwa nekukurumidza.
4. Kunyatsorurama uye Kunyatsorongeka: Inoshanda zvakanyanya pakuongorora huwandu uye hunhu.
Kekurangan:
1. Mutengo Wakakwira: Midziyo yechromatography yemhando yepamusoro yakaita seHPLC neGC inodhura uye inoda kugadziriswa nguva nenguva.
2. Miganhu yeCompound: Mamwe makomponi anogona kunge asina kukodzera mamwe matekiniki, semuenzaniso, makomponi asingachinji haagone kuongororwa neGC.
3. Unyanzvi hweUnyanzvi: Kushandisa michina yechromatography uye kududzira mhedzisiro kunoda hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi.
Mashandisirwo eChromatography
Chromatography inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzesainzi nemaindasitiri. Mamwe emashandisirwo makuru anosanganisira:
1. Kuongorora Mishonga: Kuparadzanisa nekuongorora zvikamu zvemishonga, pamwe nekuyedza kuchena uye kugadzikana kwezvigadzirwa zvemishonga.
2. Sainzi Yezvekudya: Inoshandiswa kuyedza tsvina iri muchikafu nezvinwiwa, pamwe nekuongorora kuumbwa kwezvekudya zvinovaka muviri nezvimwe zvinowedzera.
3. Tsvagiridzo yeZvipenyu: Kuparadzanisa mapuroteni, nucleic acids, uye metabolites muongororo yebiochemical nemolecular.
4. Kemikari Yekuongorora: Inoshandiswa mukuongorora zvakatipoteredza uye kwezvekuferefeta kuti ione zvinosvibisa, chepfu, uye makemikari ane njodzi.
5. Indasitiri yePetrochemical: Kuongorora zvikamu zvepeturu nezvigadzirwa zvepeturu.
Mhedziso
Chromatography inzira inokosha uye inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana inoita basa rakakosha mukemistri, biology, uye mamwe maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dziripo, kubva papepa rakareruka chromatography kusvika kuHPLC neGC dzakanakisa, inoramba ichipa mhinduro dzekuparadzanisa nekuongorora misanganiswa yakaoma. Zvakanakira zvayo mukunzwisisa, kumhanya, uye kururama zvinoita kuti ive chishandiso chakakosha mukutsvaga uye mashandisirwo anoshanda. Kunyange zvazvo mutengo nekudiwa kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi zvichigona kuva chipingamupinyi, mabhenefiti anopiwa nechromatography anopfuura kukosha kwayo mune zvese sainzi neindasitiri.
