Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kumhanya Kwekuita
Kusangana kwemakemikari inzira iyo chinhu chimwe kana zvakawanda zvinoshanduka kuita chimwe kana zvimwe zvitsva. Hazvisi zvese zvinoitika nemakemikari zvinoitika nemwero wakafanana; zvimwe zvinogona kukurumidza, senge kuputika, nepo zvimwe zvichinonoka, senge ngura yesimbi. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa mwero wekuita kwemakemikari. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa mwero wekuita, zvinosanganisira huwandu hwe reactant, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, nzvimbo yepamusoro, uye kuvapo kwe catalyst.
Kuwanda kweReactant
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukanganisa mwero wekuita kwemakemikari ndiko kuwanda kwezvinoitwa nemakemikari. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yekukanganisika, maitiro emakemikari anoitika kana zvikamu zvemakemikari zvichisangana nesimba rakakwana kuti zvipfuure simba rekuita kuti zviitike. Saka, kuwanda kwezvinoitwa nemakemikari kunowedzera mukana wekuti zvikamu zvemakemikari zvikanganiswe zvinobudirira, izvo zvinowedzerawo mwero wekuita.
Semuenzaniso, kana tikanyungudutsa shuga mumvura tobva tawedzera hydrochloric acid, reaction yacho inokurumidzira sezvo huwandu hwehydrochloric acid huchiwedzera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mamorekuru akawanda ehydrochloric acid anowanikwa kuti aroverane nemamorekuru eshuga, nokudaro zvichikurumidzisa reaction rate.
Suhu
Kupisa kunewo simba guru pakumhanya kwemakemikari. Kuwedzera kwekupisa kunowanzowedzera simba rekuita nekuti zvidimbu zvinowana simba guru rekuita. Simba iri rekuita rinoita kuti zvidimbu zvakawanda zvive nesimba rakakwana rekukunda simba rekuita rinodiwa pakuita.
Kuchinja kwetembiricha kunoita basa guru mukudzora mashandiro emakemikari mumaindasitiri nemumarabhoritari. Semuenzaniso, kuvirisa kunoshandiswa mukugadzira doro kunogona kukurumidziswa nekuwedzera tembiricha; zvisinei, kana tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya, mashandiro acho anogona kumira nekuti ma enzymes (biological catalysts) anogona kuchinja.
Tekanan
Kumanikidzwa kunonyanya kukanganisa mwero wekuita kwegasi. Nekuwedzera kumanikidzwa, tinoderedza huwandu hwe reaction system, izvo zvinowedzera kuwanda kwezvikamu zvegasi munzvimbo yakamanikana. Izvi zvinowedzerawo mukana wekusangana pakati pezvikamu zvinogadzirisa, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mwero we reaction.
Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kweammonia kubva kunitrogen nehydrogen (maitiro eHaber), kuwedzera kumanikidzwa kunogona kuita kuti chiitiko ichi chikurumidze uye chishande zvakanaka. Zvisinei, pane muganho unoshanda wekuwedzera kumanikidzwa usati wasvika panzvimbo apo kuwedzera kumwe kusingazopi mabhenefiti akakosha zvichienzaniswa nemitengo yakawedzerwa nematambudziko ehunyanzvi ane chekuita nemasisitimu ekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro.
Nzvimbo yepamusoro
Nzvimbo yepamusoro yezvinokonzeresa zvinhu inoitawo basa rakakosha pakuona mwero wezvinokonzeresa zvinhu. Nzvimbo yepamusoro iripo yakakura, zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvibonderane. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kune zvinokonzeresa zvinhu muchikamu chakasimba.
Semuenzaniso, upfu hwemagnesium hunokurumidza kuita hydrochloric acid kupfuura zvidimbu zvikuru. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti upfu hwemagnesium hune nzvimbo yakakura zvikuru inogona kushanda nemamorekuru ehydrochloric acid zvinobudirira.
Chinogadzirisa
Catalyst chinhu chinowedzera mwero wekuita pasina kudyiwa mukuita kwega. MaCatalyst anoshanda nekupa imwe nzira yekuita kwekuita ine simba shoma rekuita pane nzira yekuita isina catalyzed. Nekuderedza simba rekuita, catalyst inobvumira mamorekuru akawanda ekuita kuti ave nesimba rakakwana rekuita patembiricha imwechete.
Kune mhando mbiri dzema catalysts: ma catalysts akasiyana-siyana uye ma catalysts akafanana. Ma catalysts akasiyana-siyana ari muchikamu chakasiyana ne reactants, senge platinum ore inoshandiswa mu automotive catalytic converters. Ma catalysts akafanana, kune rumwe rutivi, ari muchikamu chimwe chete ne reactants, senge sulfuric acid inoshandiswa mu esterification.
Kushandiswa kwezvinokonzera njodzi kwakakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari, uko kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinokonzera njodzi kwakakosha pakugara zvakanaka kwehupfumi. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwesulfur dioxide kubva mukupiswa kwesulfure, kushandiswa kwezvinokonzera njodzi kunobatsira kukurumidzisa zvinokonzera njodzi uye kuderedza zvinodiwa nesimba.
Kuvapo kwezvinodzivirira
Kunyange hazvo macatalyst achiwedzera mwero wekuita kwechinhu, mainhibitor zvinhu zvinochinonotsa. Mainhibitor anoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuwedzera simba rekuita kuti chinhu chishande kana kupwanya catalyst. Semuenzaniso, zvinochengetedza chikafu zvakaita se benzoic acid zvinoshandiswa kudzivirira kukura kwetupukanana nekuvhiringidza ma enzymes anodiwa pakukura kwatwo.
Kukosha Kwekutungamirirwa Kwemamorekuru
Hakusi kuroverana kwese pakati pemamorekuru anogadzirisa zvinhu kunokonzera makemikari; kurongeka kwemamorekuru panguva yekuroverana kwakakoshawo. Kuroverana kunobudirira kunoitika kana mamorekuru akasangana nenzira chaiyo kuti agadzire chigadzirwa chitsva. Semuenzaniso, mukuwirirana pakati pemamorekuru ehydrogen neayodini kuti agadzire hydrogen iodide, mamorekuru ehydrogen neayodini anofanira kuroverana nenzira inoita kuti maatomu ehydrogen abatane zvakananga nemaatomu eayodini.
Mhedziso
Mwero wekuita kwemakemikari unokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira kuwanda kwe reactant, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, nzvimbo yepamusoro, uye kuvapo kwe catalysts kana inhibitors. Kunzwisisa kuti chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chinoita basa rei kunogona kutibatsira kugadzira maitiro emakemikari nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira, zvese pachiyero cherabhoritari neindasitiri.
Mukuita kwechokwadi, kugadzirisa mashandiro emakemikari kunowanzoda nzira yekubatanidza zvinhu zvakawanda. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemishonga, kunyangwe kuwedzera kudiki kwehuwandu hwemaitiro ekuita kunogona kureva mutsauko mukuru mukubuda kwezvigadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka, zvichizopedzisira zvaderedza mari nenguva yekugadzira.
Saka, kunzwisisa zvizere zvinhu zvinokanganisa mwero wekuita kwechinhu hakungokoshi chete mune zvesainzi asiwo kune zvakunoreva zvakawanda.
