Chii Chinonzi Periodic Table muKemistri?
Tafura yeperiodic ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvakakosha mukemistri, inopa maonero akarongeka ezvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu zvese zviri muchadenga. Yakatangwa kekutanga naDmitri Mendeleev muna 1869, yave nzvimbo inofanirwa kutariswa nevasayendisiti, varairidzi, nevadzidzi pasi rese. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kuti tafura yeperiodic chii, kuti inoshanda sei, uye nei ichikosha kukemistri.
### Kwakatangira Tafura yePeriodic
Dmitri Mendeleev, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuRussia, anowanzoonekwa sebaba vetafura ye periodic. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, masayendisiti akanga awana zvinhu zvakawanda, asi vakanga vachiri kushaya nzira yakarongeka yekuzvironga. Mendeleev akaronga zvinhu zvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo nehukuru hwazvo hwemaatomu, uye akaona mapatani anodzokororwa muhunhu hwazvo hwemakemikari. Nekuronga zvinhu izvi mutafura zvichibva pahuremu hwazvo hwemaatomu uye hunhu hwemakemikari, Mendeleev akakwanisa kufanotaura kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakanga zvisati zvawanikwa uye kufanotaura hunhu hwazvo nemazvo.
### Maumbirwo uye Kurongeka kwePeriodic Table
Tafura yemazuva ano ye periodic inorongwa nenhamba yeatomu, inova nhamba yemapurotoni ari munucleus yeatomu yechinhu. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mutafura ye periodic chinomiririrwa nechiratidzo chemakemikari chakasiyana, chakadai se "H" yehydrogen uye "O" yeoxygen. Zvinhu zviri mutafura ye periodic zvinorongwa mumitsara yakatwasuka inonzi maperiods uye makoramu akamira anonzi mapoka.
1. Nguva: Zvinhu zvese zviri muchikamu chimwe zvine huwandu hwakafanana hwema electron shells. Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi muchikamu chimwe, hunhu hwemakemikari nemuviri hwezvinhu zvinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Semuenzaniso, muchikamu chechitatu, sodium (Na) ine atomic number 11 ine electron imwe chete mugoko rayo rekunze, nepo argon (Ar) ine atomic number 18 ine ma electron masere mugoko rayo rekunze.
2. Boka: Zvinhu zviri muboka rimwe chete zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana nekuti zvine huwandu hwakafanana hwemaerekitironi evalence. Semuenzaniso, boka 1A kana boka resimbi dzealkali rine zvinhu zvakaita se lithium (Li), sodium (Na), uye potassium (K), zvese zvine erekitironi imwe chete yevalence.
### Chikamu Chikuru Chezvinhu
Zvinhu zviri mutafura yeperiodic zvakakamurwawo muzvikamu zvakakura zvakaita sesimbi, dzisiri simbi, uye metalloids.
1. Simbi: Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zviri patafura yeperiodic isimbi. Zvinowanzo kuwanikwa kuruboshwe nepakati petafura. Simbi dzinoratidzwa nezviratidzo zvakaita sekupenya, kugona kufambisa magetsi nekupisa, uye kugona kuchinjika. Mienzaniso yesimbi inosanganisira simbi (Fe), mhangura (Cu), negoridhe (Au).
2. Zvisiri simbi: Zvisiri simbi zvinowanzowanikwa kurudyi rwetafura yeperiodic. Hazvifambise magetsi uye hazvipise zvakanaka uye zvinowanzoomarara muchimiro chakasimba. Mienzaniso yezvisiri simbi inosanganisira oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), uye sarufa (S).
3. Metalloids: Metalloids dzine hunhu huri pakati pesimbi nesimbi dzisiri dzesimbi. Dzinowanzo kuwanikwa pamutsetse wemanera unoparadzanisa simbi nesimbi dzisiri dzesimbi mutafura yeperiodic. Mienzaniso yesimbi dzinosanganisira silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), uye arsenic (As).
### Kukosha kweTafura yePeriodic
Tafura ye periodic haisi chishandiso chekuronga zvinhu chete; asi chishandiso chine simba chekufanotaura. Nekuziva nzvimbo yechinhu patafura ye periodic, nyanzvi yemakemikari inogona kufanotaura zvakawanda zvehunhu hwayo hwepanyama uye hwemakemikari. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinofungidzirwa zvinosanganisira:
1. Kuchinja-chinja: Zvinhu zviri muboka rimwe chete zvinowanzova nekuchinja-chinja kwakafanana. Semuenzaniso, zvinhu zviri muboka resimbi dzealkali zvinosangana nemvura zvakanyanya uye zvinogadzira gasi rehydrogen.
2. Kugadzika kweElectron: Nzvimbo iri mu periodic table inopa zviratidzo nezve magadzirirwo emaerekitironi echinhu. Izvi zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti maatomu anodyidzana sei uye anoumba sei zvisungo zvemakemikari nemamwe maatomu.
3. Hunhu Hwezvinhu: Hunhu hwezvinhu, kunyunguduka, uye kufashaira kwezvinhu zvinowanzosiyana nguva nenguva patafura. Izvi zvinobvumira masayendisiti kuita fungidziro dzakarurama dzehunhu hwezvinhu zvingave zvakangowanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kana kuti zvisati zvadzidzwa zvakadzama.
### Kushanduka kweTafura yePeriodic
Kubva pakuunzwa kwaMendeleev, tafura ye periodic yakachinja zvakawanda. Kuwanikwa kwema isotopes, izvo zvakaratidza kuti chinhu chimwe chete ichi chinogona kuva nema atomic masses akasiyana nekuda kwehuwandu hwema neutrons ari mu nucleus, kwaive chinhu chakakosha. Uyewo, vamwe vaongorori, vakaita saHenry Moseley, vakaratidza kuti nhamba ye atomic, kwete atomic mass, ndiyo inofanira kuva hwaro hwekurongeka kwezvinhu mu periodic table. Izvi zvakabatsira kugadzirisa zvimwe zvekusawirirana kuri mutafura yaMendeleev.
Tafura ye periodic yakashandukawo nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva. Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa uye zvakawedzerwa patafura ye periodic, kunyanya mumapoka e actinide ne lanthanide uye munguva yechinomwe.
### Nei Tafura yePeriodic Ichishanda Nhasi?
Tafura ye periodic inoramba ichikosha nekuti chemistry ichiri hwaro hwakakosha kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesainzi, dzakadai se biochemistry, fizikisi, sainzi yezvinhu, nezvimwewo. Ichi chishandiso chakakosha chekudzidzisa, chinobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa pfungwa dzakakosha senge chemical bonding, reactivity, uye electron configuration kubva pazera diki. Muindasitiri, ma chemistry anoshandisa tafura ye periodic mukutsvagisa nekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva, maitiro ekugadzira, uye kuongorora zvakatipoteredza.
### Mhedziso
Tafura yeperiodic haisi kungori dhayagiramu chete; chishandiso chakakosha chinobatanidza ruzivo rwedu rwese rwezvinhu zvemakemikari muchimiro chimwe chete chakakwana uye chinosvikika. Kuburikidza netafura yeperiodic, tinogona kunzwisisa nekufanotaura hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoita kuti pasi rose rive rakasiyana-siyana. Kubva padzidzo yekutanga kusvika pakutsvagisa kwepamusoro, tafura yeperiodic inoramba iri imwe yemipiro inokosha zvikuru kusainzi, ichigara ichichinja uye ichichinja nekuwana zvitsva mukemistri.
