Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa chii?
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa ndeimwe yepfungwa dzakakosha mukemistri nefizikisi: huremu hahugone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, asi hunongoshandurwa chimiro kana kutamiswa kubva kune chimwe chinhu kuenda kune chimwe. Nemamwe mashoko, mukuita kwemakemikari kunoitika muhurongwa hwakavharwa, huremu hwese husati hwaitwa huchaenzana nehuremu hwese mushure mekuita. Nheyo iyi inoita seiri nyore, asi zvayakanakira zvakadzama—kubva pakunyora masayendisiti equations emakemikari, kusvika pakuverenga zvinodiwa nezvinhu, kusvika pakunzwisisa maitiro echisikigo neemaindasitiri.
Kunzwisisa Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa
Kazhinji, mutemo uyu unoti:
> "Mukuita kwemakemikari, huwandu hwese hwezvinhu zvinopindura hwakaenzana nehuremu hwese hwezvigadzirwa zvekuita, chero bedzi pasina huremu hunobuda kana kupinda mumuviri."
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana ukayera reactants (zvinhu zvisati zvaitika) uye zvigadzirwa (zvinhu mushure mekuita), huwandu hwacho huchaenzana, chero bedzi zvinhu zvese zvichiverengerwa uye hapana chinoburitswa munzvimbo yakatenderedza.
Muenzaniso wakapfava: kana ukasanganisa magiramu gumi echinhu A nemagiramu mashanu echinhu B mumudziyo wakavharwa wobva wagadzira chinhu C, saka huremu hwechinhu C hunoumbwa (pamwe chete nezvimwe zvigadzirwa kana zviripo) hunofanira kunge huri magiramu gumi nemashanu.
Nhoroondo Pfupi: Kubva paKuedza kusvika paSimba reSainzi
Mutemo wekuchengetedza huremu unowanzo taurwa nezvawo nenyanzvi yesainzi yekuFrance Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794), anozivikanwa sa "Baba veKemikari Yemazuva Ano." Muzana remakore rechi18, kunzwisisa kwekutsva uye maitiro emakemikari kwakanga kusati kwanyatsojeka. Vanhu vazhinji vaitenda kuti kana chimwe chinhu chatsva, chimwe che "zvinhu" zvacho chaingorasika.
Lavoisier akaita ongororo dzakanyatsojeka achiyera zvinhu zvisati zvaitika uye zvapera, kunyanya mumasisitimu akavharwa. Akaratidza kuti panguva yekutsva, huremu hahurasikirwi; panzvimbo pezvo, hunosanganiswa nechikamu chemhepo (yakazozivikanwa seokisijeni). Mhedzisiro yaLavoisier ndiyo yakaisa hwaro hwekuzvarwa kwekemikari yemazuva ano: makemikari anogona kunzwisiswa uye kuverengerwa nehuwandu.
Sei Misa Ichiita Sekuti "Inonyangarika" Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva?
Muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva, tinowanzoona huremu sehusinga "gare kwenguva refu." Semuenzaniso, kana huni dzapiswa, dzinoita sedzinodzikira zvakanyanya, zvichisiya dota shoma chete. Saka, huremu hwasara hunoendepi?
Mhinduro: Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinopiswa nematanda zvinoshandurwa kuita magasi akadai secarbon dioxide (CO₂), utsi hwemvura (H₂O), nemamwe magasi anoburitswa mumhepo. Kana kutsva kwacho kukaitika munzvimbo yakashama uye ukayera dota chete, huremu hwaro huchaonekwa hudiki. Zvisinei, kana maitiro acho akaitwa mumudziyo wakavharwa uye magasi ese akabatwa uye akayerwa, huremu hwese husati hwatsva uye mushure mekutsva hunoramba hwakafanana.
Saka, "kushaikwa kwemasero" kunowanzo kungova nekuda kwekuti zvinhu zvinobuda mumuviri hazvionekwe zvese kana kuti hazvisi zvese zvinoyerwa.
Mienzaniso yekushandiswa kweMutemo weKuchengetedza Misa
1. Maitiro eKuumbwa kweMvura
Hydrogen inosangana neokisijeni kuti igadzire mvura:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Kana magiramu mana ehydrogen achisangana zvizere nemagiramu makumi matatu nemaviri eokisijeni, zvinoreva kuti mvura inobuda i36 magiramu. Huremu hwacho i4 + 32 = 36; hapana chinorasika.
2. Kuchinja kwemvura
Kana mushonga wesirivha nitrate ukasanganiswa nesodium chloride, silver chloride inobuda zvishoma nezvishoma:
AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq)
Kana sisitimu yese ikayerwa (kusanganisira mhinduro ne precipitate), huwandu hwese hunoramba hwakafanana. Precipitate inoumbwa haisi "hurume hutsva"; inobva mukubatanidzwa kwemaion aripo mumhinduro.
3. Kusangana neMagasi muMatangi Akavharwa
Semuenzaniso, maitiro evhiniga (acetic acid) uye baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) zvinogadzira CO₂ gasi:
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONA + H₂O + CO₂
Kana mhinduro yacho ikaitirwa mubeaker rakavhurika, huremu hwemushonga huchaderera nekuti CO₂ inoburitswa mumhepo. Zvisinei, kana ikaitirwa mubhodhoro rakavharwa rine bharumu rekubata CO₂, huremu hwese (bhodhoro + bharumu + zviri mukati) hunoramba hwakafanana.
Hukama neChemical Reaction Equations
Mutemo wekuchengetedza huremu ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei maequation emakemikari achifanira kuenzana. Patinoenzanisa reaction, tinova nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwemaatomu echinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri kudivi re reactant hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwemaatomu ari kudivi rechigadzirwa. Sezvo huremu hweatomu husingarasikirwi, maatomu anongorongwazve.
Semuenzaniso, maitiro ekuumbwa kwemvura anofanira kunyorwa seizvi:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Kana yakanyorwa seH₂ + O₂ → H₂O, huwandu hwemaatomu eokisijeni hauna kufanana (2 kuruboshwe, 1 kurudyi). Izvi zvinokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwehukuru padanho reatomu.
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa Unogara Uri Wechokwadi Here?
Mukemikari yekare uye mamiriro ezuva nezuva, mutemo wekuchengetedza huremu unoshanda zvakanaka kwazvo. Zvisinei, mufizikisi yemazuva ano, kunyanya pazvikero zvenyukireya uye zvinoenderana, pfungwa iyi yakawedzerwa.
Mukuita kwenyukireya, huremu hunogona kuchinja kuita simba kana kuti zvinopesana zvichienderana nemuenzaniso waEinstein:
E=m²
Mukuparadzwa kwenyukireya kana fusion/fission reactions, huwandu hwese hwezvigadzirwa hunogona kuva hushoma pane huremu hwe reactants. Musiyano uyu muhukuru unoonekwa sesimba rakaburitswa. Zvisinei, kana tikafunga nezvehukuru + simba rose, "chinonyatso chengetedzwa" isimba rose (kuchengetedza simba), nepo huremu husiri nguva dzose hwakafanana.
Zvisinei, kune anenge ese maitiro emakemikari akajairika, shanduko yehukuru nekuda kwekushandurwa kwesimba idiki zvekuti inogona kufuratirwa. Saka, padanho repuraimari nesekondari redzidzo, mutemo wekuchengetedza huturu unoramba uri musimboti unoshanda.
Mabhenefiti uye Basa Muhupenyu Nemaindasitiri
Mutemo wekuchengetedza huremu hausi kungodzidzisa mabhuku chete. Mutemo uyu unoshandiswa muzvinhu zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira:
1. Stoichiometry mukemistri: kuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoitwa nemakemikari zvinodiwa uye zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa.
2. Indasitiri yemakemikari: kugadzira maitiro ekugadzira (semuenzaniso fetereza, mishonga, mapurasitiki) uchishandisa kuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu.
3. Unyanzvi hwezvakatipoteredza: kuverenga tsvina inopinda nekubuda muhurongwa, senge kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba.
4. Sainzi yezvekudya: kufanotaura shanduko mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa panguva yekupisa, kuvirisa, kana kuomesa.
5. Pharmacy: kuve nechokwadi chekuti mushonga uye musanganiswa wemusanganiswa uyu zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa.
Munyika yeinjiniya, pfungwa iyi inowanzonzi kuenzana kwemass: huwandu hwese hunopinda musystem hwakaenzana nehuremu hwese hunobuda musystem pamwe ne/kubvisa zvakachengetwa musystem (zvichienderana nekuti system inochinja here nekufamba kwenguva).
Mhedziso
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Misa unoti huremu hahugone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa nemakemikari; hunongochinja chimiro chete uye hunogadziriswazve. Nheyo iyi yakaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuyedza kwakanyatsonaka, kunyanya naLavoisier, uye inheyo yakakosha yekemikari yemazuva ano. Kunyangwe huremu huchigona kushandurwa kuita simba mumabasa enyukireya, mutemo uyu unoramba wakarurama zvinoshamisa uye unobatsira pamabasa emazuva ese emakemikari.
Nekunzwisisa mutemo wekuchengetedza huremu, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore kuti nei maequation ekuita zvinhu achifanirwa kuenzaniswa, kuti "huremu husipo" hunoenda kupi chaizvo, uye kuti kemesitiri neindasitiri zvinoita sei kuverenga kwakanyatsojeka kwekugadzirwa.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera imwe "mutauro wechikoro" yenyaya yacho (chikoro chesekondari/chikoro chesekondari) kana imwe shanduro yesainzi yakazara nemibvunzo nehurukuro dzemuenzaniso.
