Mari yeIslam neZvishandiso Zvakafanana: Mari Inoshandiswa Yakavakirwa paSimba reIslam
Pendauluan
Mari yeIslam yave nyaya inonyanya kutaurwa mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Sisitimu iyi inopa nzira yakasiyana yekutarisira mari kana tichienzanisa nemaitiro echinyakare, kunyanya nekuti inotevedzera misimboti yeIslam yeSharia. Mari yeIslam haingofadzi maMuslim chete asiwo inokwezva kutariswa kwepasi rose nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo uye kururamisira. Chinyorwa chino chichanyatsoongorora mari yeIslam nemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemari ine chekuita nayo.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzemari dzeIslam
Mari yeIslam yakavakirwa pamisimboti yakasimbiswa muSharia, mutemo weIslam unobva muQuran neHadith. Misimboti mikuru yemari yeIslam inosanganisira:
1. Kurambidzwa kweMubereko (Mubereko): Mubereko kana mubereko mari inowanikwa pasina kushanda nesimba kana njodzi. Mumari yeIslam, chero kutengeserana kunosanganisira mubereko hakubvumidzwe.
2. Kurambidzwa kweGharar (Kusava nechokwadi): Kutengeserana kune zvinhu zvinoratidza kusaziva kana kufungidzira kunorambidzwa. Zvibvumirano zvese zvinofanira kunge zvakajeka uye zvisina nhema kana kusanzwisisika kunogona kukuvadza chero bato.
3. Kurambidzwa kweMaisir (Kubhejera): Mabasa ekufungidzira uye akafanana nekubhejera anorambidzwawo mumari yeIslam.
4. Kutengeserana kweHalal: Mari yese nekutengeserana zvinofanirwa kunge zviri mukati memutemo unotenderwa neSharia, uye hazvifanirwe kunge zvine chekuita nemabasa eharam akadai sekubhejera, doro, kana zvigadzirwa zvenguruve.
5. Kururamisira uye Kuenzana: Nheyo yekururamisira mukutengeserana inofanira kuteverwa. Hapana bato rinogona kukanganiswa kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka mukutengeserana chero kupi zvako.
6. Kushandira Pamwe Chete: Mitemo yeSharia inokurudzira nzira dzekushandira pamwe dzakavakirwa pakugovana njodzi dzakakodzera uye kushandira pamwe mubhizinesi kana muchikamu chekudyara mari.
Zvishandiso Zvemari zveIslam
Zvishandiso zvemari zvakawanda zvinoenderana netsika dzemari dzechiIslam zvakagadzirwa. Heano mamwe acho:
1. Murabahah
Murabahah inzira yekutenga nekutengesa iyo bhangi kana sangano rezvemari rinotenga zvinhu panzvimbo yemutengi uye rozozvitengesazve kumutengi nepurofiti yakabvumiranwa. Purofiti iyi inoripa bhangi nekuda kwekuedza kwaro kutenga nekupa zvinhu. Kutengeserana uku kuri pachena nekuti mutengi anoziva mutengo wekutenga zvinhu uye purofiti inobhadhariswa nebhangi.
2. Mudharabah
Mudharabah ikambani yekudyidzana pakati pemapato maviri apo rimwe bato (muridzi wemari) rinopa 100% yemari, ukuwo rimwe bato (mudharib kana maneja) richipa ruzivo nehutungamiriri. Purofiti inobva mubhizinesi inogovaniswa zvichienderana nechibvumirano chakabvumiranwa kare, ukuwo kurasikirwa kuchingotakurwa nemuridzi wemari chete.
3. Musharakah
Musharakah inzira yekudyidzana kwebhizinesi pakati pemapato maviri kana anopfuura, apo mapato ese anopa mari uye purofiti yemugove pamwe nekurasikirwa zvichienderana nemari yavanoisa. Pfungwa iyi inokurudzira kutora chikamu uye mutoro wakagovaniswa mukutungamira bhizinesi.
4. Ijarah
Ijarah imhando yechibvumirano chekurenda apo bato rimwe (murendi) rinowana kodzero yekushandisa pfuma yerimwe bato (murendi) uye rinosungirwa kubhadhara rendi papfuma iyoyo. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzeijarah: ijarah muntahia bittamleek, umo pfuma yakarenda inogona kuzotengwa nemurendi, uye ijarah pasina sarudzo yekuva muridzi wepfuma pakupera kwenguva yekurenda.
5. Sukuk
MaSukuk anowanzo nzi mabhondi echiIslam, asi haasi mabhidhi. MaSukuk zvitupa zvekubatanidzwa kana kuva muridzi wepfuma iri pasi pechinhu, zvichipa muridzi weSukuk mugove wepfuma iyoyo. Mari inowanikwa kubva mupfuma iyi inogoverwa kune vane Sukuk semubereko wemari yavo yavakaisa.
6. Wakalah
Wakalah zvinoreva mumiriri kana mumiriri. Panyaya yemari yeIslam, zvinogona kureva munhu kana sangano rinogadza mumiriri kuti aite mamwe mabasa panzvimbo yavo, akadai sekuita ongororo kana kutarisira mari. Mumiriri anoshanda nesimba rakavimbika uye anosungirwa kuzadzisa zvido zvemukuru wekambani, zvichibva pachibvumirano chekutanga.
Mashandisirwo uye Matambudziko eMari yeIslam
Mari yeIslam haisi kungoitwa munyika dzine maMuslim akawanda chete asi yakapindawo munyika dzekumadokero, uko zvigadzirwa zvemari zveIslam zviri kutanga kushandiswa nemabhanga makuru nemasangano emari asiri maMuslim. Kukosha kwese kwemari yeIslam kunofungidzirwa kusvika matiriyoni emadhora, zvichiratidza kukura uye kukosha kwechikamu ichi kuhupfumi hwepasi rose.
Kushanda
– Mabhangi echiIslam: Mabhangi echiIslam anoshanda zvichibva pamisimboti yataurwa pamusoro apa uye anopa zvigadzirwa zvemari zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sekuchengetedza mari, mari, makadhi ekubvisa mari echiIslam, nezvimwe zvinoenderana nemutemo wechiIslam.
– Inishuwarenzi kana Takaful: Inishuwarenzi yeSharia (takaful) inoshanda pamisimboti yekushandira pamwe uye mutoro wekugovana. Mipiro yevatori vechikamu inoshandiswa kubatsira vamwe vatori vechikamu vanorasikirwa kana kusangana nenjodzi, zvichienderana nemaitiro anotevedzera sharia.
– Sharia Investments: Kune zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveSharia investment, zvakaita seSharia mutual funds, Sharia stocks, uye zvinonyanya kushandiswa, sukuk (Sharia bonds). Zvigadzirwa izvi zvese zvinoenderana nemirau nemirau yeSharia.
Dambudziko
Pasinei nekukura kwayo nekukurumidza uye kugamuchirwa kwayo nemufaro, mari yeIslam inosanganawo nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana:
– Kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu: Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru kushaikwa kwemitemo yakafanana yepasi rose mumari yeIslam. Nyika dzakasiyana dzinogona kunge dziine dudziro dzakasiyana dzemitemo yeSharia.
– Kugamuchirwa neVeruzhinji: Mari yeIslam inoda dzidzo yakakura uye kusvika kune vamwe vanhu kuti vakurudzire vanhu vakawanda nemakambani kuti vanzwisise uye vagamuchire misimboti yayo. Kune pfungwa dzakawanda dzisiri idzo pakati peveruzhinji dzekuti hurongwa hweIslam hwakaoma kupfuura hurongwa hwemazuva ano.
- Zvivakwa zveMutemo neMitemo: Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kushaikwa kwemitemo inotsigira uye zvivakwa zvemutemo zvakasimba zvichiri chipingamupinyi chikuru kukukura kweindasitiri yemari yeIslam.
– Vashandi neUnyanzvi: Kudiwa kwevanhu vakadzidziswa uye vane hunyanzvi mumari yeIslam kuchiri dambudziko. Maitiro aya anoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama misimboti yemari yechivanhu neyechiIslam.
Mhedziso
Mari yeIslam inopa nzira yetsika uye inogara kwenguva refu pane manejimendi emari. Nekutevedzera misimboti yesharia inorambidza riba (mhindu), gharar (gharar), uye maisir (kubhejera), uye kukurudzira kutengeserana kwakaringana uye pachena, mari yeIslam haina basa kumaMuslim chete asi inopawo mabhenefiti akakura kunharaunda yepasi rose. Zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita semurabahah (zvishandiso zvemari), mudharabah (zvishandiso zvemari), musharakah (zvishandiso zvemari), ijarah (zvishandiso zvemari), sukuk (zvisungo zvepfuma), uye wakalah (zvisungo zvepfuma), zvinopa sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutarisira mari zvine hunhu uye zvakarurama. Pasinei nematambudziko, tarisiro yeramangwana yemari yeIslam inoita seyakajeka kana ichiperekedzwa nekuedza kwakakomba kukunda zvipingamupinyi zviripo nekudzidzisa veruzhinji.
