Maitiro Ekudyara Mari muStock Indexes
Kudyara mari muzvikamu zvemasheya kuri kuwedzera mukurumbira nekuda kwekureruka kwazvinoita, kusiyanisa, uye kukodzera zvinangwa zvemari zvenguva refu. Pane kusarudza masheya "akanakisa" ega ega, vanoisa mari muzvikamu zvemasheya vanotsvaga kutevedzera mashandiro emusika chaiwo kana chikamu chemusika kuburikidza nezvigadzirwa zvinotevedzera kuumbwa kweindekisi. MuIndonesia, mienzaniso yakajairika yezvikamu zvinosanganisira Jakarta Composite Index (JCI), LQ45, IDX30, uye zvikamu zvezvikamu. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura maitiro ekudyara mari muzvikamu zvemasheya, sarudzo dzezvishandiso, matanho anoshanda ekutanga, uye zvinhu zvakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti hurongwa hwekudyara hwakatarisana.
1. Nzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi indekisi yemasheya
Index yemasheya chiyero chinotsanangura mashandiro eboka remasheya. Ma indekisi anoumbwa zvichibva pane zvinodiwa, zvakaita se market capitalization, liquidity, kana indasitiri. Semuenzaniso, indekisi yeLQ45 ine masheya makumi mana nemashanu akasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvinodiwa zve liquidity uye market capitalization. Nekuti indekisi inomiririra boka remasheya, mafambiro ayo anogona kupa mufananidzo wakakura wemamiriro emusika kupfuura stock imwe chete.
Kune vanoisa mari, ma indekisi anowanzo shandiswa sezviyero zvekuongorora mashandiro emari inodyarwa. Kana portfolio yako ikawana purofiti yegore negore ye8%, asi indekisi ye benchmark ikakwira ne12%, portfolio yako iri "kushanda zvisina kunaka" pamusika. Kusiyana neizvi, kana purofiti yako yakakwira kupfuura indekisi, uri "kukunda" chiyero. Kudyara mari mu indekisi kunowanzo tora nzira inotevera mashandiro emusika, kwete kuikunda.
2. Sei kuisa mari mu index kuchikwezva?
Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei kuisa mari mu index kuri sarudzo yevanhu vazhinji:
1. Kusiyanisa otomatiki
Kutenga chigadzirwa chakavakirwa pa index zvinoreva kuti unosangana nemasheya akawanda panguva imwe chete. Kuchinja-chinja kunobatsira kuderedza njodzi yekambani.
2. Mitengo inowanzova yakaderera
Zvigadzirwa zveIndex zvinowanzo tarisirwa pasina kutevedzera index, saka mari dzekutarisira dzinowanzo kuve dzakaderera pane active equity mutual funds.
3. Zviri nyore uye zvine hungwaru
Vanoisa mari havafanirwe kuongorora magwaro emari emakambani akawanda kuti vasarudze masheya. Nzira yacho iri nyore: tenga nguva dzose wochengeta kwenguva refu.
4. Yakakodzera zvinangwa zvenguva refu
Manhamba emari ekare anowanzoratidza kukwira kwemitengo kwenguva refu, kunyangwe zvazvo achichinja-chinja kwenguva pfupi.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuisa mari mu index index kuchine njodzi. Kukosha kwemari yaunoisa kunogona kudzikira panguva yekuderera kwemusika, uye hapana vimbiso yekuwana purofiti.
3. Sarudzo dzekudyara muzvikamu zvemasheya
Heano mamwe maitiro anowanzo shandiswa ekuwana mukana wekuona ma stock indices:
a. Index mutual funds
Index fund imutual fund ine portfolio yakagadzirirwa kutevedzera index chaiyo. Vanoisa mari vanotenga mayuniti efund kuburikidza ne investment manager kana distribution platform (semuenzaniso, mutual fund app). Chigadzirwa ichi chakakodzera vanotanga nekuti maitiro acho ari nyore, unogona kutanga nemari shoma, uye haufanirwe kutarisa musika zuva nezuva.
Zvakanakira: zviri nyore, zvinogona kubhadharwa otomatiki, uye zvakasiyana-siyana.
Zvakashata: kune mari yekutarisira uye mimwe mari, uye kutengeserana kunotevera nguva dzeNAB (kwete nguva chaiyo).
b. ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) yakavakirwa paIndex
MaETF akafanana nemutual funds, asi anotengeswa pamusika wemasheya. Unoatenga kuburikidza nesecurities exchange uchishandisa stock account. MaETF eIndex anoedza kutevedzera benchmark index chaiyo.
Zvakanakira: zvinogona kutengeswa munguva chaiyo, zviri pachena, uye zvinochinjika.
Zvakashata: inoda account yezvibatiso, kune mari dzekutengeserana dzebroker, uye mitengo inogona kusiyana zvishoma neNAV.
c. Kugadzira portfolio ye "mimicking index" nemaoko
Nzira iyi inosanganisira kutenga masheya enhengo dze index zvichienderana nehuremu hwakatarwa. Mudzidziso, unogona kutevedzera index nekutenga zvese zvikamu. Zvisinei, mukuita, izvi zvinoda mari yakawanda, mari yakawanda yekutengeserana, uye kugadzirisana kwakaoma, sezvo kuumbwa kweindex kuchichinja nguva nenguva.
Zvakanakira: kutonga kwakazara uye kunogona kuderedza mitengo yezvigadzirwa.
Zvakashata: zvakaoma, zvinodhura, uye zvinotora nguva.
Kune vazhinji vanoisa mari muzvitoro, index funds kana ETFs ndiyo sarudzo chaiyo.
4. Sarudza indekisi yaunoda kutevera.
Usati watenga chigadzirwa, sarudza chiyero chekuenzanisa chinoenderana nezvinangwa zvako uye ruzivo rwako rwengozi. Zvimwe zvekufunga nezvazvo:
– Ma indekisi emusika akafara (akadai seIHSG): akawanda akapararira muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, asi achiri kukanganiswa nemasheya makuru.
– Blue-chip stock index (semuenzaniso LQ45 kana IDX30): inotarisa pane zvakawanda zvemvura uye zvakakura.
– Sectoral index: yakakodzera kana uine chivimbo mune imwe sector, asi njodzi yekuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu yakakwira.
- Ma indekisi ane mazano chaiwo (semuenzaniso zvinhu zvinopa mari kubva kune mumwe munhu kana kuti kusachinja-chinja kwakaderera kana zviripo): anogona kudzivirira zvakanyanya kana kuita zvechisimba zvichienderana nenzira yaanoshandisa.
Kana uri mutsva, ma "broad indexes" kana ma "blue-chip stock indexes" anowanzova nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga nekuti zvikamu zvavo zvagara zviripo uye zvine mvura.
5. Matanho anoshanda ekutanga kuisa mari mu index investing
Heano mamwe matanho ari nyore aunogona kutevera:
1. Sarudza zvinangwa nenguva
Ndezvemari yepensheni yemakore gumi kusvika makumi maviri here, mari yedzidzo yemakore mashanu kusvika gumi here, kana chimwe chinangwa? Kune ma stock index, nguva yakakodzera inowanzo kuve yakareba kuti ideredze kushanduka-shanduka kwemusika.
2. Tarisa ruzivo rwenjodzi
Kana uchitya kana mari yako yekudyara yadzikira, haufanirwe kuchengetedza mari yakawanda kubva mustock index portfolio yako. Unogona kuisanganisa nemidziyo yakagadzikana yakaita semabond kana money market instruments.
3. Sarudza chishandiso: index fund kana ETF
– Kana uchida kuti zvive nyore uye uchikwanisa kuisa mari diki nguva dzose: index mutual funds.
- Kana uchida kuchinjika kwekutengeserana uye uine account yemasheya kare: ETF.
4. Enzanisa zvigadzirwa
Enzanisa zvinotevera:
- Chiratidzo chemuenzaniso chinoteverwa
- Chikanganiso chekutevera (kuti mhedzisiro yacho inosiyana sei ne indekisi)
- Mari (mari yekuenzanisa/mari yekutarisira, mari yekutenga/kutengesa, mari yebroker yeETFs)
- Hukuru hwemari inotarisirwa uye mari inoshandiswa (ETF chete, teerera huwandu hwekutengeserana)
5. Tanga nekudyara mari nguva nenguva (DCA)
Avhareji yemutengo wemadhora (DCA) inosanganisira kutenga nguva dzose (semuenzaniso, pamwedzi) nemari yakatarwa. Nzira iyi inobatsira kuderedza njodzi yekutenga pamitengo yepamusoro uye inovaka tsika dzakadzikama.
6. Ita ongororo dzenguva nenguva, kwete dzezuva nezuva.
Tarisa kana mari yako ichiri kuenderana nezvinangwa zvako uye kugoverwa kwemidziyo. Kune ma stock index, kuongororwa kwekota kana kwegore kunowanzo kukwana.
6. Mazano akakosha mukudyara mari mu index index
a. Tarisa pakugoverwa kwemidziyo
Chinokosha pakubudirira kwekudyara kwenguva refu kazhinji hachisi kusarudza chigadzirwa "chakanakisisa", asi pane kusarudza kugoverwa kwakakodzera kwemidziyo (masheya, mabhondi, mari). Muenzaniso wakapfava: mudyari wechidiki ane nguva refu angasarudza chikamu chikuru chemari ye index yemasheya, nepo mudyari ari kusvika pakuda kwake mari angaderedza chikamu chake.
b. Kuenzanisazve
Kana chikamu cheindekisi yemasheya ako chikawedzera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekukwira kwemusika, ungangoda kudzoreredza chikamu chacho kuchinangwa chacho chepakutanga. Izvi zvinobatsira kudzora njodzi uye kuchengetedza kurongeka kwakarongeka kwehurongwa.
c. Gadzirisa zvinotarisirwa
Masheya emasheya anogona kudonha zvakanyanya munguva pfupi panguva yematambudziko kana manzwiro asina kunaka. Vaya vanoisa mari mu index vanobudirira vanowanzo tevedzera zvinotevera: tevedzera hurongwa hwako hwekudyara mari, dzivisa kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, uye tarisa pazvinangwa zvenguva refu.
7. Njodzi dzinofanira kunzwisiswa
Kunyange zvazvo kusiyanisa zvinhu zvichibatsira, kuisa mari muchikamu chemasheya kuchiri nenjodzi:
– Njodzi yemusika: kana musika wadzikira, indekisi inodzikirawo.
- Njodzi yekutevera: zvigadzirwa zve index zvinogona kunge zvisina kufanana chaizvo ne index yavo yekuenzanisa nekuda kwemitengo uye nzira dzekukopa.
– Njodzi yeLiquidity (ETF): kana ETF isingatengeswi zvakanaka, kupararira kwebhidhi-ask kunogona kuwedzera.
– Njodzi yemaitiro: kutya kana musika wadzikira kana kuva nemakaro kana musika wakwira zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yenguva refu.
Kunzwisisa njodzi kubva pakutanga kunokubatsira kuti ugare wakadzikama uye usingachinji.
8. Mhedziso
Kudyara mari muzvikamu zvemasheya inzira ye "kutevera musika" inoda mari shoma uye kushanda nesimba pane kusarudza zvikamu zvemasheya zvega zvega. Unogona kuita izvi kuburikidza nezvikamu zvemutual funds kana maETF, kusarudza index yakakodzera, wozodyara mari nguva dzose uye nekuzvidzora. Iva nechokwadi chekuti unonzwisisa zvinangwa zvako zvemari, ruzivo rwako rwengozi, uye mitengo yezvigadzirwa usati watanga.
Kana mukaramba muchichinja-chinja, kuisa mari mu index kunogona kuumba hwaro hwe portfolio yakasimba yenguva refu. Kunyange hazvo kuchinja-chinja kusingadzivisiki, nzira iri nyore, yakayerwa, uye yakarongwa inowanzova kiyi yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvenyu zvemari.
