Mashandiro anoita Index yeMutengo weStock
Chiratidzo chemutengo wemasheya ndechimwe chemashoko anonyanya kushandiswa pakutaura nezvemusika wemari. Kana nhau dzichiti "Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) iri kusimba" kana kuti "Dow Jones iri kuderera," vanenge vachitaura nezvekufamba kwechiratidzo. Zvisinei, kune vazhinji, ma indekisi achiri kuita senhamba dzisinganzwisisike dzinochinja-chinja zvisina zvazvinoreva. Asi, ma indekisi anoshanda basa rakakosha: anotibatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro emusika, kuenzanisa mashandiro ekudyara, uye anotoshanda sehwaro hwezvigadzirwa zvakaita se index mutual funds ne ETFs. Saka, ma indekisi emutengo wemasheya anoshanda sei?
Chii chinonzi indekisi yemutengo wemasheya?
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, indekisi yemutengo wemasheya inhamba inomiririra mafambiro emitengo yeboka remasheya. Maindekisi haatengeswi zvakananga semasheya, asi kukosha kwawo kunoshanduka zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemitengo yemasheya ari muzvikamu zvavo. Nokudaro, maindekisi anowanzo kunzi "barometers" yemusika: anoratidza kana musika uri kukwira (bullish) kana kuti uri kudzika (bearish).
Mienzaniso yemaindekisi anozivikanwa muIndonesia inosanganisira Jakarta Composite Index (JCI), iyo inoratidza kufamba kwemasheya mazhinji paIndonesia Stock Exchange. Kune zvakare LQ45 index, ine masheya makumi mana nemashanu ane mvura yakawanda uye inowanzoonekwa seanomiririra masheya eblue-chip.
Sei indekisi yakagadzirwa?
Index iyi inogadzirwa nezvinangwa zvikuru zvakasiyana:
1. Kuyera mashandiro emusika
Nemufananidzo mumwe chete, vatambi vemusika vanogona kuona mamiriro emusika wemasheya pasina kutarisa mutengo wemasheya wega wega.
2. Iva muenzaniso wezviyero
Vanoisa mari nevatungamiriri vekudyara mari vanowanzo enzanisa mashandiro eportfolio yavo ne index. Semuenzaniso, ko stock mutual fund ingakunda Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) here?
3. Zvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvekudyara mari
MaIndekisi anoshanda sezviyero zve indekisi mutual funds, maETF, uye zvibvumirano zve derivative (semuenzaniso, indekisi yeramangwana). Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinoedza kutevedzera kana kutevera mashandiro e indekisi.
4. Kubatsira mukuongorora hupfumi
Nhamba iyi inowanzo shandiswa sechiratidzo chemanzwiro ehupfumi uye chivimbo chevanoisa mari.
Nhengo dzeIndex: ndeapi masheya anobatanidzwa?
Haasi ese ma index ane nhengo dzakafanana. Mamwe ma index akafara (anosanganisira masheya akawanda), nepo mamwe anosarudza. Nhengo ye index inosarudzwa nemurongi we index (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yekutsinhana kana ye index) zvichibva pane zvimwe zvinodiwa, zvakaita se:
- Kuwanda kwemari pamusika (kukosha kwekambani pamusika wemasheya)
– Kuwanda kwemari (kuti masheya anotengeswa kangani)
- Free float (chikamu chemasheya chiri kutenderera pachena)
- Masangano chaiwo (semuenzaniso, ma indekisi chaiwo e tekinoroji, sharia, kana masheya evatengi)
- Kutevedzera mimwe mitemo (semuenzaniso sharia stock index)
Nhengo dzeIndex dzinowanzo ongororwa nguva nenguva, semuenzaniso mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega. Masheya asingachasviki pane zvinodiwa anogona kubviswa otsiviwa nemamwe masheya.
Maitiro ekuverenga indekisi: kubva pamitengo yemasheya kusvika panhamba imwe chete
Kuti mupfupise boka remasheya munhamba imwe chete yeindex, nzira yekuverenga inodiwa. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinowanzoshandiswa munyika yemisika yemari.
1. Nhamba yemusika ine mwero wepamusoro
Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa nemakambani makuru akadai seJakarta Composite Index (JCI) uye akawanda ma global indices. Munzira iyi, masheya ane capitalizations yakakura mumusika achava nemhedzisiro yakakura pakufamba kweindex.
Muenzaniso uri nyore:
Kana stock A iri kambani hombe uye stock B iri kambani diki, kuwedzera kwestock A ne1% kucha "simudza" index kupfuura kuwedzera kwestock B ne1%, nekuti kukosha kweA kwakakura zvikuru.
Nzira iyi inoonekwa seyechokwadi nekuti inoratidza "chikamu" chemakambani makuru ari mumusika. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti indekisi inogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nemasheya mashoma makuru.
2. Mutengo weindekisi inorema
Munzira iyi, masheya ane mitengo yakakwira pamugove ane simba guru, zvisinei nehukuru hwekambani. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru iDow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).
Dambudziko renzira iyi nderekuti mitengo yemasheya inogona kukwira nekuti masheya mashoma aripo, kwete nekuti kambani yakakura. Saka, ma index mazhinji emazuva ano anosarudza kuyerwa kwemari yemusika.
3. Nhamba yehuremu hwakaenzana
Muindekisi ine huremu hwakaenzana, stock yega yega ine simba rakaenzana. Nokudaro, kufamba kweindekisi ndiko kufamba kweavhareji kwemasheya ese ari nhengo.
Zvakanakira: indekisi yacho "yakaenzana" uye haitongwi nemasheya makuru. Dambudziko: zvakaoma kutevedzera mari inowanikwa mumasheya makuru nekuti inoda kudzokororwa kakawanda, uye mitengo yekutengeserana inogona kunge yakakwira.
Basa re "gore repasi" uye nhamba yenhamba yepasi
Kuti indekisi ive nerevo, mugadziri weindekisi anoisa kukosha kwepasi panguva yakatarwa (zuva rekutanga). Semuenzaniso, pazuva rakatarwa, indekisi inoiswa pa100 kana 1.000. Mushure meizvozvo, kuchinja kweindekisi kunoratidza shanduko mukukosha kweboka remasheya zvichienzaniswa nepokutanga ipapo.
Kana indekisi ikakwira kubva pa1.000 kusvika pa1.200, zvinoreva kuti paavhareji (zvichienderana nenzira yekuyera), kukosha kweboka remasheya kwakawedzera neanenge 20% zvichienzaniswa neapo indekisi yakaiswa pa1.000.
Sei paine "kugadzirisa" kune index?
Kuverenga indekisi hakusi kungoenderana nekuchinja kwemitengo chete. Zviitiko zvemakambani zvinogona kukanganisa kuverenga kana zvisina kugadziriswa, zvakaita se:
- Kupatsanurwa kwemasheya (kupatsanurwa kwemutengo wemasheya nemutengo wemasheya)
- Kupatsanurana kwemashure
– Nyaya yekodzero (kuburitswa kwemigove mitsva ine kodzero dzekutanga)
- Migove yemasheya
- Kutenderera
- Shanduko muhuwandu hwemasheya asina kubhadharwa
Pasina kugadziriswa, indekisi inogona kukwira kana kudzikira "kwenhema" nekuda kwekuchinja kwetekinoroji, kwete nekuda kwekushomeka kana kusimba kwemusika. Nokudaro, varongi ve indekisi vanoshandisa adjustment factor (dzimwe nguva inonzi divisor kana adjustment factor) kuchengetedza kuenderana uye kuratidza shanduko chaiyo mukukosha kwehupfumi.
Index yemutengo vs index yekudzoka kwese
Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti ma indekisi anoratidza purofiti yekudyara chete. Zvisinei, ma indekisi anowanzo kutaurwa munhau anowanzo kuve ma indekisi emitengo: anongoyera shanduko mumitengo yemasheya.
Kunewo huwandu hwekudzoka kwemari, hunosanganisirawo kukosha kwemari inowanikwa kubva muzvikamu (tichifunga kuti mari inowanikwazve). Nekufamba kwenguva, mari inowanikwa kubva muzvikamu inogona kuva yakakosha zvikuru. Nokudaro, mashandiro emari inowanikwa muzvikamu anogona kusiyana kana tichienzanisa mutengo wemari nemutengo wemari inowanikwa kubva muzvikamu.
Ma indekisi anokanganisa sei vanoisa mari?
Nhamba yacho haisi nhamba iri pachiratidziro chete. Ine simba guru, semuenzaniso:
1. Iva chiratidzo chezvirongwa zvekudyara mari zvisina basa
Vanoisa mari vanogona kutenga maETF anotevedzera index chaiyo. Kana index ikakwira, chigadzirwa chinowanzo kukwirawo (pasina muripo).
2. Kuendesa mari kumamwe masheya
Kana masheya apinda mu index yakakurumbira, kudiwa kunowanzowedzera nekuti ma index funds nevanoisa mari vanofanira kutenga masheya kuti vaenderane ne index. Kusiyana neizvi, masheya asina kutengeswa mu index anogona kusangana nekumanikidzwa kwekutengesa.
3. Kugadzira maonero emusika
Kana JCI yadzikira zvakanyanya, mafungiro evanoisa mari anogonawo kudzikira, kunyangwe kana masheya ese asiri kudzikira zvakanyanya. Nhamba iyi inoshanda sechiratidzo chepfungwa.
Miganhu ye indekisi yemutengo wemasheya
Kunyange zvazvo zvichibatsira, ma indekisi ane miganhu:
- Hazvisi nguva dzose zvinomiririra mamiriro ese evanoisa mari
Musika unogona kukwira nekuti masheya makuru anokwira, nepo akawanda madiki achidonha.
- Kurema kwakanganiswa
Mune indekisi ine mwero wemusika, masheya mashoma anogona kutonga kufamba.
– Hazviratidzi purofiti yemudyari mari yega yega
Mari yekutengeserana, mitero, uye migove (kana uchishandisa indekisi yemutengo) hazviwanzoonekwa.
Mhedziso
Nhamba yemutengo wemasheya inoshanda nekupfupikisa mafambiro eboka remasheya kuita nhamba imwe chete, iri nyore kutariswa. Inounganidzwa uchishandisa mitemo chaiyo yekusarudza nhengo uye nzira dzekuverenga—inowanzo kuyerwa nekutengesa masheya pamusika. Kukosha kwenhamba yemasheya kunochinja nekuchinja kwemitengo yemasheya enhengo dzayo uye kunogadziriswa kuti zvienderane nezviito zvemakambani kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mafambiro ayo anoratidza mamiriro chaiwo emusika. Nekunzwisisa mashandiro anoita ma indekisi, vanoisa mari vanogona kuverenga nhau dzemusika zvinobudirira, kusarudza nzira dzekudyara mari, uye kuongorora mashandiro avo eportfolio.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera muenzaniso wekuverenga indekisi nenhamba dziri nyore (nhanho-ne-nhanho) kana kuenzanisa IHSG, LQ45, uye indekisi yemasheya echiIslam kubva pamaonero enzira.
