Kutarisirwa kweMapombi eRwizi kuenda kuGungwa
Dura remvura (DAS) inzvimbo yepasi inotsanangurwa nemakomo kana mikwidza, iyo inoshanda kuunganidza, kuchengeta, uye kupinza mvura yemvura kuburikidza nenzizi kusvika yadururwa mugungwa. Maitiro atinoita dura remvura anonyanya kuratidza kunaka kwehupenyu hwevanhu—kubva pakuwanikwa kwemvura yakachena, kubereka kwekurima, kuchengetedzeka kwemafashamo, kusvika kuhutano hwenzvimbo dzegungwa nedzegungwa. Nekuti nzizi "dzinotakura" zvese kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, manejimendi edura remvura haagone kuparadzaniswa; inofanira kuonekwa sehurongwa hwakabatana kubva kumakomo kuenda kugungwa.
Kuganhurirwa kwemvura seSistimu: Kubva Kumusoro, Pakati, Pasi, kusvika Kumahombekombe
Nzvimbo dzemvura dzine hunhu hwakasiyana munzvimbo imwe neimwe. Munzvimbo iri kumusoro, nzvimbo dzakadzika, ivhu rinowanzo kukurwa, uye nzvimbo idzi dzinowanzo shanda senzvimbo dzinobva matsime. Basa guru renzvimbo iri kumusoro kuchengetedza: kuchengetedza kupinda kwemvura kuitira kuti mvura yemvura ipinde uye idzorere mvura yepasi, ukuwo ichideredza mvura inoyerera pamusoro inogona kukonzera mafashamo. Munzvimbo iri pakati, mabasa evanhu anowanzo kuve akawanda—kurima, minda, nzvimbo dzekugara, uye zvivakwa zvemigwagwa. Muchikamu chino, njodzi yekusvibiswa uye kudonha kwevhu inowedzera nekuda kwekuchinja kwevhu. Panguva imwe chete, munzvimbo iri pasi, nzizi dzinokura, kuyerera kunoderera, uye nzvimbo dzine mafashamo dzinova dzakakosha. Nzvimbo iri pasi pemvura inowanzo shanda senzvimbo yehupfumi nedzekugara, asi ndiyo inonyanya kukanganiswa nemafashamo, kuora kwemhando yemvura, uye kusawirirana kwekushandiswa kwevhu.
Pakupedzisira, nzvimbo dzegungwa nenzvimbo dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa dzinoshanda se "nzira" dzekuenda kugungwa. Chero chinhu chinotakurwa kubva kumusoro kwerwizi - sedhiment, marara epurasitiki, zvinovaka muviri zvefetereza, uye kunyange marara emaindasitiri - chichaungana kana kupararira munzvimbo dzegungwa nemvura dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kusanganisira kusvibiswa kwegungwa, kufa kwebiota, eutrophication, kukuvara kwecoral reef, uye kunyange kudzikira kwegoho rehove. Ndosaka manejimendi enzvimbo dzegungwa achifanira kunzwisiswa serwendo rwemvura nezvinhu kuenda kugungwa, kwete nyaya yenzizi panyika chete.
Matambudziko Akakosha Ekutarisira Nzvimbo Dzemvura
Dambudziko rekutanga nderekuchinja kwevhu. Kutemwa kwemasango, kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzakatenuka kuti kurimwe pasina kuchengetedzwa, uye kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzekugara nenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri kunowedzera mvura inoyerera uye inokonzera kukurwa kwevhu. Kana mvura yanaya, mvura inoyerera nekukurumidza pamusoro pevhu, ichitakura ivhu nezvidimbu zvidiki munzizi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mvura inoyerera zvakanyanya (inowanzo buda mafashamo uye makuru) ukuwo mvura inobuda pasi panguva yekusanaya kwemvura ichiderera (kusanaya kwemvura nedambudziko remvura).
Dambudziko rechipiri nderekudzungaira kwemvura nejecha. Madhaka anobva mukukurwa kwemvura anozogara pakati nepazasi penzizi, zvichideredza kugona kwadzo, zvichiparadza nzvimbo dzemvura yakachena, uye zvichikurumidzisa kudzungaira kwemvura mumatangi emvura nepamigero yemvura. Kudzungaira kwemvura mumigero yemvura kunogona kukanganisa ngarava, kuwedzera mafashamo emvura, uye kuchinja mashandiro enzvimbo dzemigero yemvura.
Dambudziko rechitatu nderekusvibiswa kwemvura. Marara emumba anobva munzvimbo dzekugara, marara emaindasitiri, mvura inoyerera kubva mukurima inotakura fetereza nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, uye zvipfuyo zvinogona kuderedza kunaka kwemvura. Kusvibiswa hakungokanganisi hutano hwevanhu chete asiwo kunokonzera mutoro munzvimbo dzemahombekombe nedzegungwa: kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvinovaka muviri kunokonzera maruva emugungwa, kuderedza okisijeni yakanyungudutswa, uye kuuraya hove.
Dambudziko rechina nderemarara, kunyanya mapurasitiki. Nzizi dzinowanzova nzira huru yekubvisa marara kuenda kugungwa. Kusatarisira marara zvakanaka munzvimbo dzepamusoro nepakati dzenzvimbo dzemvura kunotungamira mukusvibiswa kwemahombekombe, kukuvara kwekushanya, makorari, uye biota inodyiwa nepurasitiki. Iyi haisi nyaya yekungotarisa runako chete, asi idambudziko guru kune cheni yechikafu nehutano hwevanhu.
Dambudziko rechishanu nderekutonga nekubatanidza. Nzvimbo dzemvura dzinowanzo sanganisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutonga. Kana dunhu rega rega rikaita mitemo yaro pasina kubatana, mhedzisiro yacho inopatsanuka: rimwe dunhu rinodyara miti, rimwe rinovaka pamhenderekedzo dzerwizi; rimwe bato rinovandudza nzira dzekubvisa mvura, rimwe rinodurura marara murwizi. Kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura kunoda kushanda pamwe chete muzvikamu nematunhu.
Nheyo dzeKutarisira Nzvimbo dzeMadziva Dzinogara Dzoga
Kutarisira madhamu emvura anoenda kugungwa kunoda musimboti we "integrated upstream-downstream". Izvi zvinoreva kuti sarudzo dzekumusoro dzinofanira kufunga nezvemigumisiro yadzo pasi pemvura uye pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Misimboti inotevera inoshanda sehwaro:
1. Kuchengetedza ivhu nemvura chinhu chakakosha: kuchengetedza kugona kwevhu kunwisa mvura uye kudzivirira kukurwa kwevhu.
2. Maitiro akavakirwa pakuchengetedza nharaunda: kudzoreredza mashandiro ezvisikwa enzizi, madhamu nemiti yemango.
3. Kururamisira munharaunda uye kutora chikamu: nharaunda dzemunharaunda, varimi, vabati vehove nevatambi vemabhizinesi vanobatanidzwa mukuronga nekutarisira.
4. Data nenjodzi: kushandisa mamepu enjodzi dzemafashamo, kukurwa kwevhu, uye mhando yemvura kuti uone matanho ekutanga.
5. Kudzivirira kwakachipa pane kugadzirisa: kudzivirira kusvibiswa nekukuvadzwa kwenyika kunoshanda zvakanyanya pane kuchenesa nzizi nemakungwa.
Maitiro eUnyanzvi kubva Kumusoro Kuenda Kuzasi
Munzvimbo dziri kumusoro kwerwizi, hurongwa hukuru ndehwekudzoreredza nzvimbo dzakavharirwa ivhu uye kuchengetedza materu. Kudyara patsva miti nekurima miti kunogona kuwedzera kupararira kwevhu ukuwo kuchipa mabhenefiti ehupfumi. Panzvimbo dzekurima dzakatenuka, magadheni, migero yemakomo, nezvirimwa zvinofukidza miti zvinoderedza kukurwa kwevhu. Kudzivirirwa kwezvitubu nenzvimbo dzinopinda miti kunofanirwa kusimbiswa kuitira kuti mvura igare yakachena gore rose. Kudzora moto wemasango kwakakoshawo, sezvo moto uchikuvadza chimiro chevhu uye uchiwedzera mvura inoyerera.
Munzvimbo yepakati, chinangwa chiri pakuderedza kusvibiswa uye kutarisira nzvimbo yakapoteredza nzizi. Kuisa nekusimbisa miganhu yenzizi kunodzivirira zvivakwa kuti zvisaswedere pedyo nerwizi, kunopa nzvimbo yemafashamo, uye kunobvumira zvirimwa zvemumipata kukura. Miti yemumipata (mipata yakasvibira iri pamhenderekedzo dzenzizi) inoshanda sesefa yechisikigo yetsvina nezvikafu zvisati zvapinda mumvura. Hutsanana uye masisitimu ekuchenesa mvura yakasviba mudzimba anofanirwa kuwedzerwa—kubva pamatangi emvura akakodzera uye nzvimbo dzekurapa dzemunharaunda kusvika pakutarisa kuburitswa kwemarara mumaindasitiri. Mumaguta, kuiswa kwezvivakwa zvegirinhi zvakaita sematsime ekupinda, maburi emhuka, minda yekupinda, uye madziva ekuchengetedza mvura kunobatsira kuchengetedza mvura inonaya.
Munzvimbo dziri pasi perwizi, nzira inoshanda ndeyekubatanidza mainjiniya nekugadzira zvivakwa. Kugadzirisa rwizi kunowanzoitwa, asi kungwarira kunofanira kutorwa kudzivirira kukanganisa mabasa ezvakatipoteredza. Imwe nzira iri kuzivikanwa ndeye "nzvimbo yerwizi," iyo inobvumira nzizi kuzara nenzira inodzorwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzine mafashamo, nzvimbo dzine mvura, nenzvimbo dzine mafashamo dzakachengetedzwa. Kudzora madhaka kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekutarisira manyuko ekukukurwa kwemvura ari kumusoro, kugadzira madhaka akasarudzwa kwenguva refu, uye kudzora zvivakwa zvemvura kuti zvideredze njodzi dziri pasi perwizi.
Munzvimbo dzinoungana mvura nedzinocherwa negungwa, kugadzirisa mango nenzvimbo dzine mvura kwakakosha. Mango anochengetedza ivhu, anonyorovesa mafungu, uye anopa nzvimbo dzekugara hove. Zvisinei, kubudirira kugadzirisa mango kunoenderana zvikuru nekuwanikwa kwevhu kwakaringana uye kunaka kwemvura munzvimbo dzinocherwa mvura. Nokudaro, zvirongwa zvegungwa hazvigone kumira zvega; zvinofanira kunge zvakabatana nekuderedza marara nekusvibiswa kwenzvimbo dzinocherwa mvura.
Basa reMutemo, Hupfumi, uye Nzanga
Kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura hakungori mapurojekiti chaiwo chete; kunoda mitemo yakagadzikana uye zvinokurudzira hupfumi. Hurumende inogona kukurudzira kubhadharwa kwemabasa ekuchengetedza nharaunda, semuenzaniso, uko vashandisi vemvura vari pasi pemvura vanobatsira kuchengetedza mvura iri kumusoro kwemvura. Chirongwa ichi chakaenzana, sezvo vashandisi vari pasi pemvura vachibatsirwa nemvura yakagadzikana uye yemhando yepamusoro. Uyezve, kusimbiswa kwakasimba kwemutemo kunofanira kupihwa kune vanosvibisa nevanotyora miganhu yenzizi, pamwe nerutsigiro rwemhinduro dzenharaunda kudzivirira kuti vasarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo.
Nharaunda dzinoita basa guru nekuti mabasa avo ezuva nezuva—kurasa marara, kushandisa sipo, kutarisira matangi emvura inouraya tsvina, uye kurima—zvinokanganisa zvakananga kunaka kwenzizi. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo, mabhangi emarara, kuderedza mapurasitiki anoshandiswa kamwe chete, uye mabasa ekugadzirisa rwizi munharaunda zvave zvichibatsira kana zvikashandiswa nguva dzose uye zvichitsigirwa nezvivakwa zvakakwana.
Kuenda kuMakungwa Ane Hutano
Pakupedzisira, gungwa rakachena uye rinobereka harigone kuwanikwa nekungochenesa mahombekombe kana kubvisa marara kubva mumigero yemvura. Gungwa rinoratidza mamiriro enzvimbo yemvura. Kana mvura inotangira ikatemwa, nzizi dzichava nerima uye migero yemvura inenge isina kudzika. Kana maguta akarasa marara, mahombekombe achasvibiswa. Kana marara asingashandi zvakanaka, mapurasitiki achaguma ari mugungwa. Saka, kutarisira migero yemvura kuenda kugungwa kunofanira kunge kuri kushanda pamwe chete kunobatanidza kuchengetedza, kuronga nzvimbo, kudzora kusvibiswa, uye kugadzirisa nharaunda yegungwa.
Nehutungamiriri hwakabatana kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi—hwakavakirwa pasainzi, kutora chikamu kwenharaunda, uye mitemo yakafanana—nzvimbo dzemvura dzinogona kuva sosi yekurarama kwakasimba. Mvura inoyerera ichienda kugungwa, asi migumisiro yayo inodzoka kwatiri: muchimiro chekuchengetedzwa kwenjodzi, hutano hwezvakatipoteredza, uye remangwana rehupfumi rakasimba.
