Kurongeka uye Basa reMidziyo Yekufambisa Maritime
Kufamba mugungwa inzira yekufambisa ngarava kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe zvakachengeteka, zvinobudirira, uye zvinoenderana nemitemo yekufambisa. Mukuita, kufamba zvakanaka hakungoonekwi chete nehunyanzvi hwevashandi vechikepe, asiwo nekukwana uye kuvimbika kwemidziyo yekufambisa. Midziyo iyi inobatsira kuona nzvimbo, kuyera kutungamira nekumhanya, kuona njodzi dzakatenderedza ngarava, kutaurirana, uye kuona kuti ngarava inoramba iri munzira yakarongwa. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, masisitimu ekufambisa mugungwa akashanduka kubva pamidziyo iri nyore yemaziso kuenda kumidziyo yemagetsi yakabatana muma network emazuva ano. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvekupatsanurwa kwemidziyo yekufambisa mugungwa nemabasa ayo makuru, saka vaverengi vanonzwisisa basa remudziyo wega wega mukutsigira kuchengetedzeka kwengarava.
1. Kupatsanurwa kweMidziyo Yekufambisa Maritime Zvichienderana Nebasa
Kazhinji, michina yekufambisa ngarava inogona kuiswa mumapoka akati wandei: (1) zvinosarudza nzvimbo, (2) zvinosarudza kutungamira, (3) mita yekumhanya nedaro, (4) zvinoona njodzi nezvinhu, (5) mapu uye zvirongwa zverwendo, (6) kutaurirana nekuziva, uye (7) michina yekuchengetedza mafambiro nekutarisa.
A. Midziyo Yokugadzirisa Nzvimbo
Midziyo yekuisa nzvimbo ndiyo hwaro hwekufamba kwengarava kwemazuva ano, zvichiita kuti ngarava izive nzvimbo yayo chaiyo. Midziyo mikuru iri muboka iri inosanganisira:
1. GPS (Sisitimu Yekugadzika Nzvimbo Pasi Pose) / GNSS (Sisitimu Yekufamba Nesaiti Pasi Pose)
GNSS izwi rinowanzo sanganisira GPS (United States), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (European Union), uye BeiDou (China). Basa rayo nderekuverenga nemazvo nzvimbo yengarava (latitude-longitude), kumhanya (speed over the ground), nenguva uchishandisa zviratidzo zvesatellite. Mukufambisa, GNSS inoshandiswa kutarisa nzvimbo panguva chaiyo, kuona kuti ngarava hadzitsauke kubva munzira dzadzo, uye kubatsira nekufamba-famba padzinopinda mumachiteshi.
2. LORAN (Long Range Navigation) uye Radio Navigation Systems
Sisitimu iyi yava kudzikira kushandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi pfungwa yayo inokosha munhoroondo: kuziva nzvimbo kubva kumasaini eredhiyo ari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Dzimwe nyika dziri kugadzira masisitimu ekuchengetedza ari pasi kuti dzifungidzire kupindira kweGNSS.
3. Sextant (Kufamba Kwenyeredzi)
Sextant chishandiso chemazuva ano chinoshandiswa kuyera kona iri pakati pezvinhu zvemudenga (zuva, nyeredzi) nehorizon. Basa rayo nderekuona nzvimbo yengarava kuburikidza nekuverenga zvinhu zvemuchadenga. Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzo shandiswa senzira huru yekufambisa, sextant inoramba yakakosha senzira yekuchengetedza kana magetsi akundikana.
B. Midziyo Yekusarudza Nzira (Musoro neBheari)
Kutungamira kwechikepe (kwakananga) uye kwakananga chinhu (kwakananga) ndizvo zvinosarudza sarudzo dzekufambisa uye kudzivirira kurovera.
1. Kambasi yemagineti
Kambasi yemagineti inoshandisa simba remagineti rePasi kuratidza kuchamhembe kwemagnetic. Inoshanda senzira yekutanga yekutarisa, kunyanya kana magetsi akakundikana, sezvo isingavimbi nesimba remagetsi. Kambasi iyi inofanira kugadziriswa kuti ione kana paine kutsauka (simba remagineti rechikepe) uye kuchinja (musiyano uripo pakati pekuchamhembe kwemagnetic nekuchamhembe chaiko).
2. Gyrocompass
Gyrocompass inoratidza kuchamhembe chaiko ichishandisa gyroscope, zvichiita kuti ive yakagadzikana uye yakarurama pakufamba kure. Basa rayo rakakosha sereferensi yeautopilot, radar, uye electronic chart systems, zvichiita kuti zvishandiso zvese zvishandise referensi imwe chete.
3. Kutakura Mabara neZvinhu Zvinoonekwa
Kambasi inoshandiswa kuyera kukwirira kwechinhu (senge mwenje wechiedza kana chimwe chikepe) zvichienzaniswa nerwendo rwechikepe. Nekuenzanisa mabheyaringi akawanda, mufambisi wechikepe anogona kufungidzira nzvimbo kana kutarisa njodzi yekubonderana.
C. Midziyo yekuyera kumhanya uye kureba
Kuziva kumhanya kunobatsira pakuverenga ETA (nguva inofungidzirwa yekusvika), kushandiswa kwemafuta, uye kudzora kufamba kwechikepe.
1. Log (Log Yekumhanya)
Rondedzero yekumhanya inoyera kumhanya kwechikepe mumvura. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira pakuverenga seti yemagetsi nekudzungaira kana tichienzanisa nekumhanya kweGNSS (kumhanya pamusoro pevhu).
2. Echo Sounder (Meter yeUpamhi)
Vanoshandisa manzwi echo vanoshandisa mafungu eruzha kuyera kudzika kwemvura pasi pechikepe chechikepe. Basa ravo rinokosha mumvura isina kudzika, nzira dzekutakura zvinhu, uye kana vasvika pachiteshi kudzivirira pasi.
D. Midziyo yekuona zvinhu nenjodzi
Boka iri rinobatsira ngarava "kuona" zvakaipoteredza, kusanganisira mumamiriro ezvinhu asinganyatsooneki.
1. Radar (Kuona uye Kutarisa Redhiyo)
Radar inoona zvinhu zvakatenderedza ngarava nekuburitsa mafungu eredhiyo uye kugamuchira mwenje wayo. Mabasa eRadar anosanganisira kuona mimwe ngarava, nyika, mabhuoy, mvura yakawanda, uye kubatsira kufamba mumhute. Radar inotsigirawo kuverenga kweCPA (pedyo nenzvimbo yepedyo) uye TCPA (nguva yeCPA) kudzivirira kurovera, kunyanya kana zvakabatanidzwa neARPA.
2. ARPA (Rubatsiro rwekuronga marongero eradar otomatiki)
ARPA iradar inoteedzera zvinangwa otomatiki uye inoverenga data rekufamba. Basa rayo rinobatsira mupurisa ari kutarisa kuona njodzi dzekubonderana, kusarudza nzira dzakachengeteka, uye kutevedzera mitemo yeCOLREG (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea).
3. AIS (Sisitimu Yekuzivikanwa Yega)
AIS inoparidzira uye inogamuchira ruzivo nezvekuzivikanwa kwechikepe (zita, MMSI), nzvimbo, nzira, kumhanya, uye mamiriro ekufamba. Basa rayo nderekuvandudza ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu, kubatsira kudyidzana pakati pezvikepe, uye kubatsira Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) mukutarisa traffic.
E. Mepu uye Zvishandiso Zvekuronga Rwendo
Kuronga nzira uye kutarisa nzvimbo zvinoda nzira chaiyo yemepu.
1. Chati Yepepa
Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwenguva yedhijitari, machati egungwa epepa achiri kushandiswa senzira dzekuchengetedza kana sezvinodiwa padzimwe ngarava. Anoshandiswa pakuronga nzira, kunyora nzvimbo nemaoko, uye kutariswa kana hurongwa hwemagetsi hukakundikana.
2. ECDIS (Kuratidzwa Kwemachati Emagetsi uye Sisitimu Yeruzivo)
ECDIS sisitimu yepamutemo yemagetsi inoratidza machati edhijitari egungwa (ENCs) uye inobatanidza data reGNSS, radar overlays, AIS, nedzimwe sensors. Mabasa ayo anosanganisira kuronga nzira, nyevero dzenjodzi (semuenzaniso, kudzika kudiki, nzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa), uye kutarisa kwekufamba kwenguva dzose. Kana yagadzirwa zvakanaka, ECDIS inogona kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka, asi kugadzika kwakakodzera kwakakosha kudzivirira kuregeredza maalarm kana kukanganisa nzira.
F. Kutaurirana uye Kuzivikanwa Kwekufamba
Kufamba mugungwa hakugoni kuparadzaniswa nekutaurirana, zvese nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa uye kutaurirana kwemigwagwa.
1. Redhiyo yeVHF
VHF inoshandiswa pakutaurirana kwechikepe, ngarava kubva pachiteshi kuenda kuchiteshi, uye ngarava kubva pachiteshi kuenda kuVTS. Basa rayo rinokosha pakubatanidza panguva dzekufamba, kupa ruzivo rwekufamba, uye kutaurirana kwekukurumidzira.
2. GMDSS (Sisitimu Yekuchengetedza Nekutambudzika Kwegungwa Pasi Pose)
GMDSS sisitimu yekukurukurirana nezvekuchengetedzwa kwegungwa inosanganisira michina yakati wandei yakaita seDSC (Digital Selective Calling), EPIRB, NAVTEX, uye SART. Basa rayo nderekuona kuti ngarava dzinogona kutumira zviratidzo zvekutambudzika uye kugamuchira ruzivo rwekuchengetedzwa kwegungwa (MSI), kusanganisira yambiro yemamiriro ekunze uye yekufamba.
3. NAVTEX
NAVTEX inogamuchira nhepfenyuro dzinongoerekana dzave nenyevero dzekufamba, kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze, uye ruzivo rwekuchengetedza. Basa rayo nderekubatsira mupurisa ari pawachi kugadzirisa mamiriro enzira pasina chikonzero chekutsvaga nemaoko.
G. Midziyo Yekutarisa Nekudzora Kufamba
1. Kubhururuka kwendege otomatiki
Autopilot inochengetedza ngarava iri padivi chairo kana kuti padivi chairo (zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwayo). Izvi zvinoderedza basa rewachi uye zvinochengetedza kugadzikana kwenzira yacho, asi ichiri kuda kutarisirwa nekuti mamiriro emhepo, mhepo, uye traffic zvinogona kuda kutungamirirwa nemaoko.
2. BNWAS (Sisitimu yeAlarm yeBridge Navigational Watch)
BNWAS inoita kuti mapurisa ari pabasa arambe akangwarira nehurongwa hwealamu nguva dzose. Hurongwa uhwu hunodzivirira tsaona dzinokonzerwa nekuneta kana kurara pabasa.
3. Chirekodha cheData reVoyage (VDR)
VDR inorekodha data rekufamba kwechikepe, kutaurirana, uye sensor. Inoshanda se "black box" yendege, inokosha pakuferefeta tsaona uye kuongororwa kwekuchengetedzwa.
2. Kubatanidzwa kweNavigation System: Kubva paZvishandiso Zvakasiyana kuenda kuIntegrated System
Midziyo yemazuva ano yekufambisa haishande yoga. Ngarava zhinji dzinoshandisa kubatanidzwa kwedata kuburikidza nehurongwa hwebhiriji rine network, zvichibvumira ruzivo kubva kuGNSS, gyrocompass, radar, AIS, uye ECDIS kuti zvienderane. Kubatanidzwa uku kunovandudza kururama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuita sarudzo. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa uku kunodawo kunzwisisa kwakakwana kubva kune vanoshanda, sezvo kusagadziriswa zvakanaka, ma sensor inputs asina kunaka, kana kuvimba zvakanyanya nehurongwa kunogona kukonzera tsaona.
3. Mhedziso
Kurongwa kwezvishandiso zvekufambisa ngarava mugungwa kunoratidza kuti kufamba kwakachengeteka kunoenderana nekuiswa panzvimbo, kutungamira, kumhanya, kuona njodzi, kuronga machati nekunyora, kutaurirana, uye masisitimu ekutarisa nekudzora. Kubva kukambasi yemagineti ne sextant, izvo zvinoshanda semabheki akakosha, kusvika kuECDIS, ARPA radar, AIS, uye GMDSS, izvo zvinoumba musimboti wekufamba kwemazuva ano, zvishandiso zvese zvinoshanda mabasa anoenderana. Pakupedzisira, zvishandiso zvepamusoro-soro zvinofanirwa kuenzaniswa nekudzidziswa kwakanaka, maitiro, uye kurangwa kwekuchengetedza. Izvi zvinoita kuti ngarava dzikwanise kufamba zvakachengeteka, zvinobudirira, uye zvinoenderana nemitemo yepasi rose yekuchengetedza ngarava.
