Kunyungudika uye Kunyungudika Chigadzirwa: Kunzwisisa uye Kushandisa
Kunyungudika ipfungwa huru mukemistri inotsanangura kugona kwechinonyungudika mumusanganiswa chaiwo kuti chigadzire mhinduro yakafanana. Pfungwa iyi inokosha zvikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kukemikari yekuongorora kusvika kuinjiniya yezvakatipoteredza uye mishonga. Kune rumwe rutivi, chinhu chinogadziriswa chemusanganiswa (Ksp) ipfungwa ine chekuita nekunyungudika uye inopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehukuru hwekemikari chaiyo inogona kunyungudika uye kugadzira mhinduro yakazara. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora pfungwa dzese dziri mbiri zvakadzama, pamwe nemienzaniso yekushandiswa kwadzo.
Tsanangudzo yeKunyunguduka
Kunyungudika kunoreva huwandu hwakanyanya hwechinhu chinonyungudika chinogona kunyungudika muhuwandu hwakatarwa hwechinhu chinonyungudika patembiricha yakatarwa uye kumanikidzwa, zvichikonzera mhinduro yakazara. Kunyanya, kunyungudika kunowanzoonekwa mumagiramu echinhu chinonyungudika pa 100 grams yechinhu chinonyungudika (g/100g) kana mumamoles pa litre (mol/L) yemhinduro dzemvura.
Kunyungudika kwechinhu kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, hunhu hwemakemikari emusanganiswa neanonyungudika, uye kuvapo kwemaion kana zvimwe zvinhu mumusanganiswa. Semuenzaniso, kunyungudika kwemunyu wetafura (NaCl) mumvura kunowedzera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera, nepo kunyungudika kwemagasi mumvura kunowanzo kudzikira nekupisa kuri kuwedzera.
Chigadzirwa Chekunyungudika (Ksp)
Chigadzirwa chekunyungudika kana kuti Ksp i equilibrium constant inotsanangura mwero wekunyungudika kwe ionic compound inonyungudika zvishoma patembiricha yakatarwa. Ksp ichibereko chehuwandu hwe ions dziri mu saturated solution, imwe neimwe ichikwira kusvika kusimba re coefficient yayo mu dissociation reaction.
Semuenzaniso, funga nezvemunyu webarium sulfate (BaSO4) unopatsanurwa mumvura zvichienderana ne equation:
\[ \chinyorwa{BaSO}_4 (s) \kurudyiftharpoons \zvinyorwa{Ba}^{2+} (aq) + \zvinyorwa{SO}_4^{2-} (aq) \]
Pamunyu uyu, chinhu chinogadziriswa chinogadziriswa (Ksp) chinopiwa ne:
\[ K_{sp} = [ \text{Ba}^{2+} ] [ \text{SO}_4^{2-} ] \]
Apo [ \text{Ba}^{2+} ] uye [ \text{SO}_4^{2-} ] pane huwandu hwemaion ebarium nesulfate mumhinduro yakazara. Kana iri barium sulfate, sezvo molekyuru yega yega yeBaSO4 yakanyungudutswa ichigadzira Ba2+ ion imwe uye SO42-ion imwe, kukosha kweKsp kunogona kuverengerwa seizvi:
\[ K_{sp} = (s)(s) = s^2 \]
Apo “s” iri molar solubility yeBaSO4 mumvura.
Mhedzisiro yeTembiricha paKsp
Ksp inoenderana netembiricha. Semuenzaniso, patembiricha yakakwira, simba rekinetic remamorekuru rinowedzera, saka kunyungudika kwemamwe macompounds kunogona kuwedzera, izvo zvinozokanganisa kukosha kweKsp. Zvisinei, izvi hazvishande kune ese macompounds, sezvo mamwe achiratidza kudzikira kwekunyungudika netembiricha iri kuwedzera.
Kunzwisisa migumisiro yekupisa pakunyungudika uye Ksp kwakakosha, kunyanya mumaindasitiri uko kudzora kunyungudika kwemakemikari kwakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka uye kuchengetedzeka.
Kushandiswa kweChirevo cheKunyungudika uye Ksp
Kuongorora Makemikari
Imwe yenzira huru dzekushandisa pfungwa dzekunyunguduka uye Ksp ndeyekuongorora makemikari, uko nzira dzegravimetric netitration dzinowanzo sanganisira kudonhedza ma ions esimbi semakemikari asinganyunguduke. Semuenzaniso, mukuongorora kwequalitative kwema anions, kuumbwa kwema precipitates uchishandisa mamwe ma reagents kunobatsira mukuziva ma ions akasiyana zvichienderana nekunyunguduka kwawo uye Ksp.
Kurapa Mvura
Mukugadzirisa mvura, kungave kuri kushandiswa kana kushandiswa mumaindasitiri, kunyungudika kwezvinhu zvine chepfu kana kusvibiswa chinhu chakakosha. Ruzivo rweKsp runobvumira mainjiniya kudzora maitiro ekunaya kwemvura kuti vabvise maion esimbi ane chepfu mumvura yakasviba. Semuenzaniso, maion esimbi anorema akadai sePb2+ kana Hg2+ anogona kunyungudika kubva mumvura yakasviba nekuwedzera zvinhu zvakakodzera zvinonyungudutsa mvura.
Pharmacy
Kunyungudika kwemishonga mumvura yemuviri ndechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinosarudza kuwanikwa kwemishonga. Mukugadzira mishonga, nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzinowanzo sangana nedambudziko rekuwedzera kunyungudika kwemishonga isinganyungudike zvakanyanya. Nzira dzinosanganisira kushandisa zvinonyungudutsa, kuisa munyu muropa, uye kugadzirisa chimiro chekristaro chechinhu chinoshanda.
Kudzoreredza Simbi
Muindasitiri yekudzoreredza simbi, kuziva nezvekunyungudika uye Ksp yemakemikari akasiyana-siyana kunobvumira nzira dzinoshanda uye dzisingadhuri dzekuburitsa. Semuenzaniso, mukuparadzanisa simbi dzinokosha kubva mumatombo adzo, chinhu chinodzikisa mvura chinogona kushandiswa kuparadzanisa simbi dzakati zvichienderana nekunyungudika kwemakemikari akaumbwa.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa kunyungudika kwechigadzirwa chekunyungudika (Ksp) kwakakosha kwete chete mukemikari yedzidziso asiwo mumhando dzakasiyana dzemashandisirwo anoshanda. Kushandiswa kwepfungwa idzi kunobva mumarabhoritari ekuongorora kusvika pakugadzira, mishonga, uye kugadzirisa nharaunda. Saka, kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvinokanganisa kunyungudika uye maverengerwo eKsp kunogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo ehunyanzvi nesainzi.
Kunyungudika uye Ksp mienzaniso yakakwana yekuti misimboti yekutanga yekemistri inogona sei kupa mhinduro dzinoshanda uye itsva kumatambudziko akaomarara, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwesainzi yekutanga mukufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
