Mhando dzeFluoride Yechisikigo
Fluoride (fluoride muchimiro chayo cheionic) chinhu chemakemikari chinowanikwa munharaunda. Muhuwandu hushoma, fluoride inowanzobatanidzwa nekubatsira kwehutano hwemazino nekuti inogona kubatsira kusimbisa enamel uye kuderedza njodzi yekuora kwemazino. Zvisinei, semamwe maminerari akawanda, fluoride ine "muganhu wakachengeteka": kugara wakanyanya kwenguva refu kunogona kuwedzera njodzi ye fluorosis yemazino (mavara machena kusvika kubrown pamazino) kana, padanho rakakwirira uye rinogara kwenguva refu, skeletal fluorosis. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa manyuko e fluoride yechisikigo kwakakosha, zvese kuti zviwedzere mabhenefiti ayo uye kudzivirira kupararira zvakanyanya.
Idzi ndidzo mhando dzezvinhu zvakasikwa zvine fluoride, dzine tsananguro yekuti fluoride inogona sei kupinda mumvura, muchikafu, uye muzvinhu zvipenyu.
1. Mvura yepasi pevhu (matsime) uye mvura yemumvura
Chitubu chikuru chefluoride munzvimbo dzakawanda imvura yepasi pevhu. Sezvo mvura ichiyerera nepakati pevhu nematombo, kunyungudika kwemaminerari (leaching) kunogona kuburitsa maion efluoride mumvura. Huwandu hwefluoride mumvura yepasi pevhu hunokonzerwa zvikuru ne:
– Rudzi rwematombo nezvicherwa zvinopfuudzwa nemvura (semuenzaniso matombo ane fluorine yakawanda).
– Nguva yekusangana kwemvura nematombo: mvura inochengetwa kwenguva yakareba mu aquifer, mikana yekuti zvicherwa zvinyunguduke inowedzera.
– pH netembiricha: mamwe mamiriro emakemikari anogona kuwedzera kunyungudika kwemaminerari efluoride.
– Kudzika kwetsime: mune dzimwe nzvimbo, matsime akadzika anogona kuva nehuwandu hwakawanda hwefluoride.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo—kunyanya nzvimbo dzakaoma kana kuti dzisina mvura yakawanda—huwandu hwefluoride mumvura yepasi hunogona kuwedzera nekuda kwekubuda kwemvura yakawanda uye kusanganiswa kwemvura nemvura inonaya.
2. Mvura iri pamusoro: nzizi, madhamu, uye madhamu emvura
Kunze kwemvura yepasi pevhu, fluoride inogonawo kuwanikwa mumvura yepamusoro senge nzizi, madhamu, kana madhamu. Fluoride inowanikwa mumvura yepamusoro inowanzobva ku:
– Mvura inoyerera kubva muvhu nematombo ane fluorine.
– Zvinobva muzvitubu zvinounza fluoride kubva mumvura yegungwa kusvika pamusoro.
– Madhaka anogona kusangana nemvura uye anoburitsa fluoride pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Kazhinji, huwandu hwefluoride mumvura yepamusoro hwakaderera pane huri pasi pevhu nekuti mvura yepamusoro inosanganiswa nyore nyore uye inonyungudutswa. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzine geology kana mumadziva akavharirwa (kubuda kushoma), huwandu hwefluoride hunogona kuramba huchiwedzera.
3. Zvicherwa nematombo zvine fluorine
Fluorine inonyanya kuchengetwa muzvicherwa zviri muchisikigo. Kana zvicherwa izvi zvikaitika, fluorine inogona kuburitswa muvhu nemvura. Zvicherwa zvine fluoride zvinosanganisira:
– Fluorite (CaF₂): chimwe chezvicherwa zvefluorine zvinozivikanwa zvikuru, kazhinji chinopa fluoride yakawanda mumvura yepasi pevhu.
– Apatite (boka remaminerari ephosphate): inogona kunge iine fluorine (fluoroapatite) uye ine basa guru mukutenderera kwefluorine muvhu.
– Mamwe ma mica nema amphibole: mamwe marudzi ematombo eigneous/metamorphic anogona kuva ne fluorine muhuwandu hwakasiyana.
– Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆): hainyanyi kuwanikwa, asi ine nhoroondo yekuve mineral inokosha ine fluorine.
Nzvimbo dzine matombo akawanda anoputika, granite, kana mamwe mamineral dzimwe nguva dzine mukana wekuwana fluoride yechisikigo.
4. Ivhu nedota
Ivhu rinoshanda se "murevereri" mukuru pakati pematombo nezvinhu zvipenyu. Fluoride inobva mukusagadzikana kwezvicherwa inogona kuungana muvhu, yobva:
- inotorwa nemiti,
- kutakurwa nemvura inoyerera ichienda kunzvimbo dzine mvura,
– kana kunyungudika mumvura yepasi pevhu.
Huremu hwefluoride muvhu hunosiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nechinhu chinobereka, mamiriro ekunze, uye mashandiro enzvimbo. Ivhu rinoumbwa nematombo ane fluoride rinowanzo gadzira zvirimwa zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwefluoride, kunyangwe kugona kwemhando yega yega yemiti kuchisiyana.
5. Mimwe miriwo nemichero yemiti
Zvirimwa zvinogona kunwisa fluoride kubva muvhu nemvura, kunyange zvazvo zvirimwa zvizhinji zvisingaunganidze huwandu hwakawanda. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa zvinozivikanwa kuti zvine fluoride yakawanda, yakadai se:
– Tii (Camellia sinensis): Mashizha etii anogona kuunganidza fluoride kubva muvhu, zvichiita kuti tii yakabikwa ive chinhu chakakosha che fluoride chinoshandiswa zuva nezuva. Zviri mukati zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva shizha, zera (mashizha ekare anowanzova nemazinga akakwira), uye nzira yekubika.
– Mimwe miriwo nemidzi: kazhinji huwandu hwayo hudiki, asi hunogona kuwedzera kana ikadyarwa muvhu rine fluorine yakawanda kana kushandisa mvura yekudiridza ine fluorine yakawanda.
– Zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nemiti: huwandu hwefluoride hunogona "kutevera" zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemvura inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwayo.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza: kunwa tii hakusi "kwakaipa" kamwe kamwe, asi kunwa zvakanyanya - kunyanya kana mvura iri mutsime racho ine fluoride yakawanda - kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwese hwekudya.
6. Chikafu chemhuka nehove
Fluoride inopindawo mucheni yechikafu kuburikidza nemvura nechikafu. Muchikafu chemhuka, huwandu hwefluoride hunosiyana, uye kazhinji hunokwira mune dzimwe nzvimbo:
– Hove nehove dzegungwa: Nzvimbo yegungwa ine zvicherwa zvakanyungudutswa, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvinogona kuva nefluoride yakawanda. Muhove, fluoride inowanzova yakakwira mumapfupa neganda kupfuura munyama.
– Zvigadzirwa zvemhuka (nyama, mukaka, mazai): zvinowanzova nefluoride muhuwandu hushoma, asi zvinogona kukanganiswa nehuwandu hwefluoride mumvura yekunwa yezvipfuwo, chikafu, uye mamiriro ekunze.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe, kudya hove zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kudyiwa kwefluoride yechisikigo, kunyange hazvo kazhinji isiri iyo yega inonyanya kukosha.
7. Munyu wechisikigo nemaminerari (zvichienderana nekwaunobva)
Munyu wetafura unonyanya kuve sodium chloride, asi munyu unobva mumigodhi kana mvura yegungwa inogona kunge iine zvicherwa zvidiki, kusanganisira fluoride, zvichienderana nehunhu hwemusanganiswa wacho. Kunze kwemunyu, zvimwe zvicherwa zvechisikigo, zvakaita semvura yemineral kana mamwe matombo e sedimentary, zvinogonawo kuva nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe fluoride.
Zvakakosha kusiyanisa pakati pefluoride inowanikwa zvakasikwa, iyo inobva mumadhaka epasi, uye fluoride yakawedzerwa (semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekusimbisa kana fluoride). Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa pane zvakasikwa, asi mukuita kwezuva nezuva, zviviri izvi zvinogona kubatana kuti zvibatsire pakuva nehuwandu hwese hwezvinhu.
8. Kushanda kwepasi pemvura uye nzvimbo dzinoputika
Nzvimbo dzine mhepo inopisa—dzakadai sematsime anopisa—dzinowanzova nemakemikari emvura akasiyana, kusanganisira huwandu hwefluoride hwakawanda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti:
- mvura inopisa inonyungudutsa zvicherwa zvinobudirira,
- pane hukama hwakakomba pakati pemvura nematombo ari mu hydrothermal system,
– pamwe nekuvapo kwegasi nezvicherwa kubva pasi pevhu.
Vanhu vanoshandisa matsime emvura anopisa (semuenzaniso pakugeza kana kunwa) vanofanira kutarisisa hunhu hwemakemikari ari mumvura, kusanganisira huwandu hwefluoride.
9. Guruva rechisikigo uye maaerosols emugungwa
Pachikero chidiki asi chichiri kukosha, fluoride inogona kufamba nepakati pezvidimbu zvidiki:
– Guruva revhu munzvimbo dzakaoma rinogona kutakura mamineral ane fluoride uye rinogona kufemedzwa kana kuiswa pamiti.
– Maeerosols emugungwa (mvura yegungwa inopararira kuita zvidimbu) anogona kugara munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe, zvichipa huwandu hushoma hwezvicherwa zvakanyungudutswa munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.
Mupiro wenzira iyi unowanzova mudiki pane wemvura yekunwa, asi unogona kuita basa mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye mukuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemvura inonaya.
Sei zvichikosha kuziva manyuko efluoride yechisikigo?
Munhu anowanzo nwa fluoride yakawanda kubva mumvura yekunwa, chikafu/zvinwiwa, uye tsika dzezuva nezuva. Kana imwe nzvimbo—kunyanya pasi pevhu—ine fluoride yakawanda, kusvibiswa kwayo kunogona kuwedzera zvisingaonekwe. Kusiyana neizvi, kana huwandu hwayo hwakaderera zvakanyanya, mabhenefiti ekudzivirira kubva pakuora kwemazino anogona kunge asina kunaka (kunyangwe hutano hwemazino huchiri kuchikanganiswa zvakanyanya nehutsanana hwemuromo, kudya shuga, uye kuwana rubatsiro).
Matanho anoshanda anowanzo kurudzirwa ndeaya:
1. Tarisa hunhu hwemvura (kunyanya mvura yemutsime) kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwemurabhoritari, kusanganisira fluoride parameters.
2. Ongorora mashandisirwo etii: kana uchinwa tii yakawanda, uchishandisa mvura yemutsime pakubika, kana kuti uchigara munzvimbo ine kupisa kwakanyanya pasi pevhu.
3. Kudzora kusviba kana zvichidikanwa, semuenzaniso nekusarudza dzimwe nzira dzemvura kana kushandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzekurapa mvura (zvichienderana nemamiriro enzvimbo).
Penutup
Zvitubu zvechisikigo zve fluoride zvakasiyana-siyana, asi zvinhu zvakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinowanzobva mumvura, kunyanya pasi pevhu, uye zvimwe zvekudya nezvinwiwa, zvakaita setii nehove. Zvinhu zvepasi, mamiriro ekunze, uye maitiro ekushandisa zvinokonzera kuti fluoride isanganiswe pakati penzvimbo nevanhu. Nekunzwisisa zvitubu zvakasiyana-siyana zve fluoride yechisikigo, tinogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakawanda nezvemvura yekunwa, kudya, uye kuedza kuchengetedza hutano hwemazino nehwese.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu eIndonesia—semuenzaniso, kuwedzera mienzaniso yenzvimbo dzine fluoride yakawanda, maitiro ekuyedza mvura yemutsime, kana mazano emiganhu yakachengeteka zvichibva pamitemo inowanzoshandiswa.
