Kuumbwa uye Kuumbwa kweChiropa
Chiropa chimwe chezvikamu zvikuru uye zvakakosha mumuviri wemunhu. Chinowanzozivikanwa nebasa racho mukubvisa chepfu mumuviri, asi mabasa acho akakura zvikuru: kudzora mashandiro emuviri, kugadzira bile rekugaya, kuchengetedza simba rakachengetwa, kugadzira mapuroteni akakosha pakugwamba kweropa, uye kutoita basa guru mukudzivirira muviri. Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei chiropa chichikosha kuti chirarame, tinofanira kuongorora maumbirwo (maumbirwo) uye mashandiro azvo (mashandiro azvinoita) enhengo iyi zvizere.
Kuumbwa kwechiropa
Muchimiro chemuviri, chiropa chiri muchikamu chepamusoro chekurudyi chedumbu, pasi pediaphragm. Chikamu chidiki chacho chinotambanukira kuruboshwe. Muvanhu vakuru, chiropa chinorema avhareji yeinenge 1,2–1,5 kg, zvichiita kuti chive chikamu chikuru chakasimba mumuviri. Pamusoro pechiropa pakanyatsotsetseka uye pakafukidzwa nekapisiyumu kaGlisson, kanofukidza tissue sheath kanobatsira kuchengetedza chimiro chenhengo uye kunoita kuti pave nenzira yekufambisa tsinga dzeropa nenzizi dzemudumbu.
Chiropa chakakamurwa kuita ma lobes akati wandei. Muchimiro, ma lobes ekurudyi nekuruboshwe anozivikanwa sema primary divisions, ne caudate ne quadrate lobes zvisinganyanyi kukosha. Zvisinei, mukurapa kwemazuva ano, division inonyanya kukosha ndeye functional division zvichibva pakuyerera kweropa uye bile ducts (liver segmentation). Iyi segmentation system inowanzonzi Couinaud's segmentation, iyo inokamura chiropa kuita zvikamu zvisere, chimwe nechimwe chine ropa rayo rakazvimiririra uye kubuda kwebile drainage. Division iyi inonyanya kubatsira mukuvhiyiwa kwechiropa, senge bundu resection, sezvo ichibvumira kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzakati pasina kukanganisa mashandiro ese.
Mitsipa yeropa rechiropa: Yakasiyana uye ine kuyerera kwakapfuma
Chiropa chinosiyana zvikuru neropa rayo. Chiropa chinowana ropa kubva ku:
1. Mutsinga wepazasi wehepatic (inenge 70–75% yeropa rinoyerera), unotakura ropa rine zvinovaka muviri kubva mudumbu, pancreas, uye spleen.
2. Tsinga yeropa (inenge 25–30% yeropa rinoyerera), inotakura ropa rine oxygen kubva mumoyo.
Ropa rinobva muzvinhu zviviri izvi rinosanganiswa mu sinusoids dzechiropa, ma capillaries akasarudzika ane lumens dzakafara dzinobvumira kuchinjana kwezvinhu zvinobudirira. Mushure mekupfuura nemu sinusoids, ropa rinoyerera richipinda mutsinga yepakati, rozopinda mutsinga yehepatic, uye pakupedzisira rinopinda mu inferior vena cava kuti ridzokere kumoyo.
Maumbirwo eMicroscopic: MaLobules neMasero Akakosha
Chidimbu chekare chechiropa chinonzi hepatic lobule, chine chimiro chehepatic lobule, chine chimiro chehepatic lobular nepakati petsinga. Pamakona elobular pane portal triad, ine matavi eportal vein, matavi ehepatic artery, uye bile ducts. Kurongeka uku kunoratidza pfungwa ye "kutenderera nekubuda kweropa" kwechiropa: ropa rinoyerera kubva kuportal triad kuenda kucentral vein, nepo bile richiyerera nenzira yakasiyana kubva kuhepatocytes kuenda kubile ducts.
Masero makuru echiropa ma hepatocytes, ayo anoumba maplate emasero uye anobatanidzwa mumabasa ese ekugadzirisa muviri. Pamusoro pe hepatocytes, kune:
– Masero eKupffer, ari macrophage echiropa anofukidza mabhakitiriya, masero matsvuku eropa ekare, uye zvidimbu zvekunze kwenyika.
– Masero eStellate (Ito), anochengeta vhitamini A; kana akashanda kwenguva refu, anogona kugadzira collagen uye kukonzera fibrosis.
– Masero endothelial eSinusoidal, ane maburi, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuchinjana zvinhu pakati peropa nehepatocytes.
Physiology yechiropa
Mabasa echiropa anosanganisira nzira dzakaoma dzekuchengetedza hutano hwemukati memuviri (homeostasis). Heano mamwe emabasa anonyanya kukosha echiropa.
1. Kugadzirwa kweMatumbu uye Kubuda Kwemvura
Nyora inogadzirwa nehepatocytes uye inotakurwa kuburikidza nenyowa kuenda kuhepatic duct kuburikidza ne bile canaliculi. Inowanzo chengetwa uye inounganidzwa mugallbladder isati yaburitswa mu duodenum. Nyora ine bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, uye electrolytes. Mabasa ayo makuru ndeaya:
– Inobvisa mafuta mumuviri kuitira kuti agayiwe zviri nyore ne lipase enzyme.
- Inobatsira kunyudza mavhitamini anonyungudika mumafuta (A, D, E, K).
- Inoshanda senzira yekuburitsa bilirubin necholesterol mumuviri.
2. Kugayiwa kweMakabhohaidhiretsi: Kuchengetedza Huremu hweShuga Muropa
Chiropa chinoshanda sechinogadzirisa shuga muropa. Kana huwandu hweshuga hwakwira mushure mekudya, chiropa chinochengeta shuga muchimiro cheglycogen (glycogeneis). Kana huwandu hweshuga hwadzikira, chiropa chinoputsa glycogen kuita shuga (glycogenolysis). Kana zvitoro zveglycogen zvapera, chiropa chinoburitsa shuga itsva kubva kumaamino acids, lactate, kana glycerol kuburikidza negluconeogenesis. Iyi nzira inoita kuti simba rirambe richiwanikwa kuuropi nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.
3. Kugayiwa kwemafuta: Cholesterol nemaLipoproteins
Chiropa ndicho chiri pakati pekuchinja kwemafuta mumuviri. Nhengo iyi:
- Inogadzira cholesterol uye phospholipids.
– Inoumba lipoproteins (semuenzaniso VLDL) yekufambisa mafuta muropa.
- Oxidize fatty acids senzvimbo yekupa simba.
– Inoshandura makabhohaidhiretsi nemapuroteni akawandisa kuita triglycerides kuti zvichengetwe.
Kusawirirana mukuita uku kunogona kukonzera kuunganidzwa kwemafuta muchiropa (steatosis), izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kuzvimba uye kukuvara kana zvikaramba zvakadaro.
4. Kugayiwa kweMapuroteni: Albumin uye Zvinhu Zvinoita Kuti Maronda Avhare
Chiropa chinogadzira mapuroteni akasiyana-siyana anokosha eplasma, anosanganisira:
– Albumin, iyo inochengetedza kumanikidzwa kweropa uye inotakura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana (mahormone, zvinodhaka, mafuta acids).
– Zvinhu zvinoumba ropa (semuenzaniso fibrinogen, prothrombin, zvinhu zvinoumba ropa VII, IX, X).
– Mapuroteni anotakurwa akadai se transferrin ne ceruloplasmin.
Pamusoro pekuumbwa kwemasero, chiropa chinodzorawo mashandiro emaamino acid. Ammonia ine chepfu, inogadzirwa nekuputsika kwemaamino acid, inoshandurwa kuita urea kuburikidza nekufamba kweurea yozoburitswa kuburikidza neitsvo.
5. Kubvisa chepfu mumuviri uye kushandura mishonga mumuviri
Rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru echiropa kushandura zvinhu zvinokuvadza kuita mafomu anoburitswa nyore nyore. Maitiro aya anoitwa kuburikidza nema enzymes, kunyanya cytochrome P450 system, iyo inogaya mishonga, doro, uye chepfu. Kubvisa chepfu mumuviri kunowanzoitika muzvikamu zviviri:
– Chikamu I: oxidation, reduction, kana hydrolysis, kushandura chimiro chechinhu.
– Chikamu chechipiri: kubatana (semuenzaniso neglucuronide kana sulfate), kunoita kuti chinhu ichi chinyunguduke mumvura zvakanyanya zvekuti chinobuda nyore nyore munyongo kana weti.
Saka, kusashanda zvakanaka kwechiropa kunogona kukonzera kuti mishonga igare mumuviri kwenguva yakareba uye kuwedzera njodzi yemigumisiro yakaipa.
6. Kuchengetwa Kwezvinhu Zvakakosha
Chiropa chinoshanda sechitoro chekuchengetedza:
- Glycogen senzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba.
- Mavhitamini: A, D, E, K, uye vhitamini B12.
– Zvicherwa: kunyanya simbi (muchimiro cheferritin) nemhangura.
Izvi zvinochengetedza muviri zvinoita kuti muviri ugone kugadzikana munguva dzekushaya kudya kwakakwana kana mamiriro ekushushikana kwemuviri.
7. Kushanda kweMadziviriro Emuviri uye Kusefa Kweropa
Kuburikidza nemasero eKupffer, chiropa chinosefa ropa kubva mudumbu, iro rine mabhakitiriya akawanda uye endotoxins. Maitiro aya akakosha nekuti ura ndiwo hunobva tupukanana tudiki nezvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika. Saka, chiropa chinoshanda se "checkpoint" ropa risati rapinda musystemic circulation.
Kubatanidzwa kweAnatomy nePhysiology: Nei Chimiro Chichitsigira Basa
Maumbirwo emasinusoids ane maburi anobvumira ma hepatocytes kugamuchira zvinovaka muviri, mishonga, uye chepfu kubva muropa zvinobudirira. Kuyerera kweropa kunobva mutsinga yemudumbu kunotsanangura kuti nei chero chinhu chinotorwa kubva muura chinopfuura nemuchiropa kutanga (mhedzisiro yekutanga-kupfuura), zvichikanganisa kushanda kwemishonga inonwiwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, sisitimu ye bile canalicular, iyo inoyerera ichienda kune rimwe divi rekuyerera kweropa, inoita kuti marara akadai se bilirubin akwanise kuunganidzwa uye kuburitswa.
Penutup
Chiropa inhengo inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana ine hunhu hwayo hwakagadzirwa zvakasiyana kuti itsigire mabasa ayo akasiyana-siyana. Kubva kuzvinhu zvikuru zvakaita sema lobes nezvikamu kusvika kuma microscopic units akadai sema lobules ne sinusoids, zvese zvinobatsira pakugona kwechiropa kudzora metabolism, kugadzira bile, kuchengeta zvinhu zvakakosha, uye kubvisa chepfu mumuviri. Kunzwisisa hunhu hwechiropa uye physiology hakungokoshi chete kune zvokurapa, asiwo kunobatsira veruzhinji kuziva kuti kuchengetedza hutano hwechiropa—kuburikidza nekudya kwakaringana, kurovedza muviri, kudzivisa doro rakawandisa, uye kushandisa mishonga zvine hungwaru—kudyara mari kwakakosha muhutano hwese.
