Mutemo weMari Unobvumirana: Matanho ekusimbisa Kugadzikana kweHupfumi
Pendauluan
Mukutarisira hupfumi hwenyika, hurumende ine maturusi akasiyana-siyana ainogona kushandisa kuti hupfumi huve hwakasimba uye hukure zvakanaka. Chimwe chishandiso chikuru ihurongwa hwemari, hunosanganisira sarudzo dzehurumende maererano nemitero uye mari inoshandiswa neveruzhinji. Munyaya iyi, hurongwa hwemari hunoshandiswa kudzora kukwira kwemitengo, kuderedza kushomeka kwemari mubhajeti, uye kudzikamisa hupfumi hwenyika. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama hurongwa hwemari hunoshandiswa, zvinangwa zvahwo, kuitiswa kwahwo, uye kukanganisa hupfumi.
Tsanangudzo yeMutemo weMari Unobvumirana
Mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa kwemari inzira yehupfumi inoshandiswa nehurumende kuderedza kushandiswa kwemari kana kuwedzera mari inowanikwa nehurumende kuburikidza nemitero, nechinangwa chikuru chekudzikisa kukwira kwemitengo uye kudzikamisa hupfumi. Sechikamu chemutemo wehupfumi hwenyika, nzira iyi inowanzoitwa kana hupfumi hwanyanya kukwira kana kukwira kwemitengo kwava padanho rinotyisa.
Chinangwa Chikuru cheMutemo weMari Unobvumirana
1. Kudzora Kukwira Kwemitengo:
Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvemutemo wezvemari unorambidza kukwira kwemitengo ndeyekudzora kukwira kwemitengo. Kukwira kwemitengo kunogona kuderedza simba revanhu rekutenga, kudzikira kwemararamiro, uye kugadzira kusagadzikana kwehupfumi. Nekuderedza mari inoshandiswa nehurumende uye/kana kuwedzera mitero, kudiwa kwemari muhupfumi kunogona kudziviswa, nokudaro kudzora kukwira kwemitengo.
2. Kugadzikana Kwehupfumi:
Mutemo uyu une chinangwa chekudzikamisa hupfumi nekudzikamisa mabasa ehupfumi akawandisa. Kana kukura kwehupfumi kuchikurumidza, njodzi yekusawirirana kwakadai sekushaikwa kwemari yekubhadhara pamwe nemabara emidziyo inowedzera. Nokudaro, mutemo wezvemari unononoka unogona kubatsira kuchengetedza kukura kwehupfumi kwakaringana.
3. Kuderedza Kushaikwa Kwemari Yebhajeti:
Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo nyika inotarisana nekushomeka kukuru kwebhajeti, mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa kwemari unogona kuva mhinduro. Nekuwedzera mari inowanikwa kuburikidza nemitero uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemari, hurumende inogona kuvandudza mamiriro ayo emari uye kuderedza kumanikidzwa kwechikwereti chehurumende kwenguva refu.
Kushandiswa kweMutemo weMari Unobvumirana
1. Kuderedzwa Kwemari Inoshandiswa neHurumende:
Imwe yenzira dzakananga dzekushandisa mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa ndeyekuderedza mari inoshandiswa nehurumende. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuderedza mari yerubatsiro, kuderedza bhajeti rezvirongwa zveveruzhinji, kana kumisa mapurojekiti ezvivakwa zvisiri zvakakosha.
2. Kuwedzera Mutero:
Mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa unogona zvakare kuiswa nekuwedzera mitero, kungave yemutero wemari, mutero wekuwedzera kukosha (VAT), kana mimwe mitero. Nekuwedzera mitero, hurumende inogona kuderedza huwandu hwemari iri kutenderera, nokudaro ichideredza kudiwa kwemari yose.
3. Mitemo yeHurumende paZvikwereti neZvikwereti:
Imwe nhanho inogona kutorwa ndeyekudzikamisa kuburitswa kwezvikwereti zvitsva. Nekudzora kukwereta kwehurumende, vakuru vezvemari vanogona kuderedza mari yakawanda inopinda muhupfumi uye kudzivirira kuti mitengo yemubereko isakwire.
Mhedzisiro yeMutemo weMari weContractional
1. Mhedzisiro Yakanaka:
- Kudzora Kukwira Kwemitengo: Nekuderedza huwandu hwekudiwa kwezvinhu, mutemo uyu unogona kubatsira kuderedza kukwira kwemitengo uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemitengo.
– Hutano Hwemari Hwakagadziridzwa: Kazhinji, mutemo uyu unogona kuvandudza mamiriro emari yenyika nekuderedza kushomeka kwebhajeti uye kusimbisa chivimbo chevanoisa mari.
– Kugadzikana Kwehupfumi Hwenyika: Mutemo wezvemari unodzikira unogona kuderedza njodzi dzehupfumi dzakadai semitengo yezvinhu, kupisa zvakanyanya kwehupfumi, nezvimwe zvisina kuenzana.
2. Migumisiro Yakaipa:
– Kukanganisa Kukura Kwehupfumi: Kuderedzwa kwemari inoshandiswa nehurumende uye kuwedzerwa kwemitero kunogona kunonotsa kukura kwehupfumi, kunyanya kana zvikaitwa muhupfumi hwatove husina kusimba.
– Kuwedzera Kwekushaya Basa: Nekudzikira kwemari inoshandiswa nehurumende, zvikamu zvinovimba nezvibvumirano zvehurumende kana rubatsiro zvinogona kuona kudzikira kwemabasa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekushaya mabasa.
– Kusaenzana Kwemagariro: Kuderedzwa kwebhajeti muchikamu chemagariro evanhu kunogona kuwedzera dambudziko rekusaenzana kwehupfumi, sezvo vanhu vane mari shoma vanogona kurasikirwa nemabasa akakosha akadai sedzidzo nehutano.
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Kuitwa Kwemutemo Wemari Unobvumirana
Kuti tiratidze mashandisirwo emutemo wezvemari unorambidza kubhadharwa, tinogona kutarisa mienzaniso yakati wandei kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, mukutanga kwema1990, Canada yakatora matanho emari anorambidza kubhadharwa kuti igadzirise dambudziko remari riri kuramba richikura. Nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemari uye kuwedzera mitero, Canada yakabudirira kugadzirisa mari yayo uye kuderedza kukwira kwemitengo pasina kukonzera kudzikira kwehupfumi.
Mhedziso
Mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa kwemari (Contractional fiscal policy) chishandiso chakakosha chinogona kushandiswa nehurumende kugadzirisa inflation uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi. Kunyange zvazvo uine zvimwe zvingangokanganisa, zvakaita sekunonoka kukura kwehupfumi uye kuwedzera kwekushaya mabasa, mutemo uyu unogona kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka kwenguva refu kana ukashandiswa nemazvo. Chinokosha pakubudirira kwawo ndechekuenzanisa pakati pekusimbaradzwa kwemari nekuedza kuchengetedza kukura kwehupfumi kwakasimba uye kuderedza urombo. Nokudaro, pakuronga misangano yehurongwa hwehupfumi, hurumende dzinofanira kufunga nezvemamiriro ehupfumi kuti dziite zvinobudirira mutemo wezvemari unorambidza kushandiswa kwemari (Contractional fiscal policy).
