Kutarisirwa Kwekuchengetedzwa Kwevana Vari Kuyamwisa Muzviitiko zveAutism
Pendauluan
Autism, kana kuti Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), chirwere chetsinga chinokanganisa hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana, kutaurirana kwevanhu, maitiro, uye maitiro anoita vanhu zvinokurudzira kunzwa. Izwi rekuti "spectrum" rinoratidza kuti zviratidzo uye huwandu hwerutsigiro runodiwa zvinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pamunhu kuenda kumunhu. Panyaya yekubatsira vana, autism haingonzwisiswi sechirwere chevana chete asiwo ine chekuita nebasa revanyamukuta mukupa rubatsiro panguva yekuzvitakura, kusununguka, uye nguva yekusununguka, pamwe nekutarisa kukura nekukura kwevacheche nevana vadiki kutsigira kuonekwa nekukurumidza uye kutumira panguva yakakodzera. Kutarisirwa kwekutarisira vananyamukuta vane autism kunoda nzira yakazara, yekubatsirana, yemhuri inoremekedza zvinodiwa nemunhu mumwe nemumwe.
Basa reVananyamukuta muMaonero eAutism
Vananyamukuta ndivo vari pamberi mumabasa ehutano hwemadzimai nevana, vachiita basa rakakosha mudzidzo, kudzivirira njodzi, kuongororwa kwekukura, uye kutaurirana kwevanorwara. Kunyange hazvo autism isiri chirwere chinogona "kurapwa" nekurapwa kumwe chete, kupindira kwekutanga kwakaratidzwa kuti kunobatsira kukura kwehunyanzvi hwekutaurirana, kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuzvimiririra kwevana. Vananyamukuta vanobatsira mhuri kunzwisisa matanho ekukura akajairika, kuziva zviratidzo zvengozi, uye kukurudzira kubatanidzwa kwevabereki mukukurudzira.
Pamusoro pezvo, vananyamukuta vanogona kusanganawo nevakadzi vane autism vane pamuviri kana mushure mekusununguka. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, manejimendi ekutarisirwa kwevana anofanira kugadzirisa nzira dzekutaurirana, nzvimbo yebasa, uye rutsigiro rwepfungwa nemagariro evanhu kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti amai vanowana rubatsiro rwakachengeteka uye rune rukudzo.
Pfungwa Yekutarisira Kutarisirwa Kwevana Vachizvara
Kutarisirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwevananyamukuta kunowanzo tevera nzira yakarongeka: kuongorora, kuongorora/kuona dambudziko, kuronga, kuita, kuongorora, uye kunyora zvinyorwa. Muzviitiko zvine chekuita ne autism, matanho aya anoshandiswa mumamiriro maviri makuru:
1) Kutarisirwa kwevana vane autism/njodzi yekunonoka kukura (basa revanyamukuta mumabasa ekubatsira vanaamai nevana, nzvimbo dzehutano dzakabatanidzwa, mabasa ekuzvimirira).
2) Kutarisirwa kwevanaamai vane autism (panguva yekuzvitakura, pakusununguka, uye mushure mekusununguka).
Kuti chinyorwa chino chive nechokwadi chekuti chakakodzera hutano hwemadzimai nevana, chinangwa chikuru chichava pakutarisira kuchengetwa kwevana vadiki maererano nekutarisa kukura kwavo uye kutsigirwa kwemhuri kuti vaonekwe nekukurumidza chirwere cheautism muvana.
1. Ongororo
Chikamu chekuongorora chinangwa chekuunganidza ruzivo rwemunhu oga uye rwechokwadi. Vananyamukuta vanofanira kuita nhoroondo yakatarisana uye kutarisa kukura kwemwana, kusanganisira pamuviri, kusununguka, uye nhoroondo yemwana achangoberekwa.
A. Ruzivo rwepfungwa dzakadzidzwa
– Zvichemo zvevabereki: mwana anonetsekana nekutarisana mumaziso, haapindure kana adanwa, anononoka kutaura, haanongedzere zvinhu, anotamba kakawanda, ane hasha dzakawandisa, anonzwa ruzha/magadzirirwo azvo zvakanyanya.
– Nhoroondo yekukura: akatanga rini kukunguruka, kugara, kufamba, kutaura mashoko ane musoro.
– Nhoroondo yezvekurapa: pfari, hutachiona hwakakomba, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, matambudziko ekurara, maitiro ekudya akasarudzwa.
– Nhoroondo yemhuri: kuvapo kwenhengo dzemhuri dzine matambudziko ekukura kana matambudziko ekudzidza.
- Maitiro ekurera vana uye ekukurudzira: kuti vanotaurwa navo kakawanda sei, vanoverengerwa mabhuku kakawanda sei, uye vanotambwa kakawanda sei vachitaurirana nevamwe.
B. Ruzivo rwechinangwa rwakadzidzwa
– Kucherechedza kutaurirana: mhinduro dzevanhu, kutarisisa pamwe chete (kukwanisa kugovana pfungwa), kugona kutevedzera, kutamba kwekufananidzira.
– Kuongororwa kwemuviri: mamiriro ekudya, zviratidzo zvematambudziko etsinga, kuongororwa nzeve kana paine chinofungidzirwa kuti hapana kunzwa kwakakodzera.
– Kuyerwa kwemunhu: BB/TB, denderedzwa remusoro, zvichienderana nekukura kwemuviri.
– Kuongorora kukura kwemwana: kushandisa maturusi ekuongorora aripo munzvimbo dzemunharaunda (semuenzaniso, KPSP yekuongorora kukura kwemwana) uye kana zvichibvira zvichitungamira kuongororwa kwechirwere cheautism chakadai seM-CHAT-R/F pazera remwedzi 16-30 (nekutumira tsamba kana kushanda pamwe chete).
Ongororo dzinofanira kuitwa netsitsi, pasina kupomera vabereki mhosva, uye pasina kunyorwa mazita nguva isati yakwana pasina kuongororwa kwakazara. Vananyamukuta vanozvipa mukana wekuva shamwari, vachibatsira mhuri kuwana matanho akakodzera.
2. Kuziva Matambudziko Epamuviri uye Kuongororwa Kwawo
Mukati mebasa rekubatsira vananyamukuta, vananyamukuta havanyatsoongorora zvirwere zvepfungwa/zvetsinga, asi vanogona kuona njodzi kana fungidziro dzezvirwere zvekukura uye kuona matambudziko ane chekuita nekusununguka.
Muenzaniso wekugadzirisa dambudziko:
- Kunonoka kutaura uye kukura kwemutauro.
- Kufungirwa kuti vanhu havachawirirani uye kutaurirana zvakanaka.
– Matambudziko emaitiro: hasha, maitiro anodzokorora, kuoma kuchinja kubva pane zvimwe zvinhu.
– Njodzi yekushushikana kwevabereki.
- Kushaya ruzivo rwemhuri nezvekukurudzira kukura uye nzira dzekutumira vana kune vamwe.
Nyaya idzi ndidzo dzinoumba hwaro hwezvirongwa zvekutarisira nekutumira vanhu kuzvipatara.
3. Kuronga
Kuronga kutarisirwa kwevana vanofungirwa kuti vane autism kunotarisa pamatanho ekudzivirira, kukurudzira vana nekukurumidza, mazano emhuri, uye kutumira kune vamwe vanhu.
A. Chinangwa chekutarisira
– Vana vanoongororwazve kukura kwavo nevashandi vane hunyanzvi (vanachiremba vevana, vanachiremba vepfungwa dzevana, vanachiremba vepfungwa, vanachiremba vekutaura/vashandi).
– Vabereki vanonzwisisa zviratidzo zvekunonoka kukura kwemwana uye vanokwanisa kumubatsira zviri nyore kumba.
- Kuderedza kushushikana kwemhuri kuburikidza nerutsigiro uye nzira dzechokwadi dzekurera vana.
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti kukura, mamiriro ekudya, uye hutano hwese zvinotarisirwa zvakanaka.
B. Chirongwa chikuru chekupindira
1. Dzidzo pamusoro pekukura nekukura uye zviratidzo zvekunyevera zve autism zvichienderana nezera.
2. Kukurudzira kukura kwakavakirwa pamabasa ezuva nezuva (kutamba kunopindura, kutaurirana kwevaviri, maitiro ekugara).
3. Nzira dzekupa mazano ekugadzirisa maitiro akaoma (kutsamwa, kusuruvara, matambudziko ekudya).
4. Mareferensi akabatanidzwa ekuongorora kumwezve.
5. Purogiramu yekutevera nguva dzose yekutarisa kufambira mberi uye kutevedzera mitemo yekutumira.
4. Kuitwa kwe
Kuitwa kwechirongwa ichi kunoitwa zvichienderana nehurongwa hwemhuri nezvinodiwa. Dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa dzakakodzera vananyamukuta dzinosanganisira:
A. Kutaurirana zvinobudirira nemhuri
Vananyamukuta vanofanira kushandisa mutauro uri nyore, usingape mhosva uye kutarisa pane zvavakaona. Muenzaniso wekuita ndewekuti: "Ndinoona kuti mwana haana kupindura paakadanwa uye haana kunongedzera kune chaanoda. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekukura kwekutaurirana. Tinofanira kuita ongororo yekutevera kuitira kuti kupindira kukurumidze."
B. Dzidzo yekukurudzira vana vari kumba
Kukurudzira hakufanirwe kudhura; chinhu chikuru ndechekugara kwenguva refu uye kupindura:
- Kutarisa maziso uye kuita maekisesaizi ekubata-bata: kutamba peek-a-boo, kungokanda-bata.
– Kudzidzira kutaurirana nemazvo: kubvunza nezviratidzo/mazwi ari nyore, uchishandisa sarudzo yezvinhu zviviri.
– Kuverenga mabhuku emifananidzo, kutumidza mazita ezvinhu, kutevedzera ruzha rwemhuka.
- Deredza kuratidzwa kwemidziyo isingashande uye wedzera kutamba kwekudyidzana.
C. Rutsigiro rwekutarisira maitiro
- Gadzira purogiramu yezuva nezuva inogoneka.
- Shandisa mirairo mipfupi, imwe panguva.
- Ipa simba rakanaka kana mwana akaratidza maitiro anotarisirwa.
– Tsvaga zvinhu zvinokonzera hasha: nzara, kuneta, ruzha rukuru, kuchinja kamwe kamwe.
D. Kushandira pamwe nekutumira vamwe
Vananyamukuta vanorayira mhuri kuti dziendeswe kumabasa ekutumira varwere zvichienderana nehurongwa hwemunharaunda: vanachiremba vevana kuti vaongororwe kukura kwevana, kuongororwa kwekunzwa kana zvichidikanwa, vanachiremba vepfungwa dzevana/vanachiremba vepfungwa kuti vaongororwe, uye kurapwa (kutaura, mabasa, maitiro). Vananyamukuta vanogonawo kupa mazano ekuti vawane rubatsiro rwehurumende/rwenharaunda, kana rwuripo, rwakadai senzvimbo dzekubatsira vakaremara, mapoka ekutsigira vabereki, uye mapurogiramu ekupindira nekukurumidza.
E. Kuongororwa kwehutano hwepakutanga
Rambai muchiona kuti majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere ari kuitwa panguva yakatarwa, kutariswa kwezvekudya, kudzivirira kupererwa neropa, uye kudzidziswa nezvekudya zvine mwero, sezvo vana vane autism vachiwanzoonekwa sevanonyanya kudya, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mamiriro ezvekudya.
5. Kuongorora
Ongororo inoongorora kana zvinangwa zviri kuzadzikiswa uye kana zvirongwa zvichifanira kugadziriswa. Zviratidzo zvekuongorora zvinogona kusanganisira:
– Mhuri inotumira tsamba yekukurudzira munhu kuti aonekwe uye inoongororwazve.
- Kune kuwedzera kwekutaurirana kunoshanda (semuenzaniso kutanga kunongedzera, kutevedzera, kana kutaura mazwi akareruka).
- Kuderera kwehasha kana vabereki vanokwanisa kudzora maitiro avo zviri nani.
- Kukura kwemwana kuchiri kwakanaka uye majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere apera.
– Vabereki vakaratidza kunzwisisa kuri nani uye kuzvidya mwoyo kwakaderera.
Kuongororwa kunofanirwa kuitwa nguva nenguva, semuenzaniso pakushanya kwega kwega kuchipatara chakabatanidzwa kana panguva yakatarwa.
6. Magwaro
Kunyora magwaro kwakakosha sehumbowo hwebasa, nzira yekutaurirana pakati pevashandi vezvehutano, uye hwaro hwekuongorora. Zvinyorwa zvevananyamukuta:
- Mhedzisiro yekuongorora kukura kwemwana uye kucherechedza maitiro ake.
- Dzidzo yakapihwa uye mhinduro yevabereki.
- Mareferensi akaitwa (chinangwa, zuva, chikonzero).
- Hurongwa hwekutevera uye mhedzisiro yekutevera.
Magwaro akanaka anobatsira kuronga mabasa akasiyana-siyana.
Mativi etsika uye epfungwa
Nyaya dzeAutism dzinowanzo ratidza rusarura munharaunda. Vananyamukuta vanofanira kuchengetedza zvakavanzika, kuremekedza sarudzo dzemhuri, uye kusimbisa kuti chirwere ichi hachisi mhosva yevabereki. Nzira yekuchengetedza mhuri inoisa vabereki sevanofambidzana navo, kwete vanhu vane mhosva. Vananyamukuta vanofanirawo kunzwisisa mukana wekushungurudzika mushure mekusununguka, kuzvidya mwoyo, kana kuneta kwevabereki uye kukurudzira mhuri kuti dzitsvage rutsigiro.
Mhedziso
Kutarisirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwevana vane autism inzira yakarongwa yekubatsira vana vane autism, iyo inosimbisa kuongororwa kwekukura kwavo, kuzivikanwa kwekutanga kwezviratidzo zvenjodzi, kukurudzirwa kwedzidzo, rutsigiro rwevabereki, uye kutaurirana nevamwe kuti vaongororwe uye vapindire. Vananyamukuta vanoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira mukana wekuwana masevhisi nekukurumidza, kubatsira mhuri kunzwisisa mamiriro emwana wavo, uye kuona kuti zvinodiwa zvehutano - zvakaita sekudya kunovaka muviri, majekiseni ekudzivirira, uye kutarisa kukura - zvinozadziswa. Nenzira ine tsitsi, yakarongeka, uye inoenderera mberi, kutarisirwa kwevana vane autism kunogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kuhupenyu hwevana vane autism nemhuri dzavo.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita pepa resainzi (rine ruzivo, zvinangwa, nzira yekudzidza nyaya, SOAP, uye mabhuku), kana kugadzira shanduro yakazara yekudzidza nyaya yebasa revananyamukuta.
