Mhando dzeMutemo weMari
Mutemo wemari ndeimwe yenzira huru dzehurumende dzekutonga hupfumi hwenyika. Kazhinji, mutemo wemari unoreva kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvemari nebhangi guru kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvehupfumi, zvakaita sekugadzikana kwemitengo, kuwedzera kukura kwehupfumi, uye mabasa. Munyaya iyi, mabhanga makuru anoita basa rakakosha mukutarisa nekudzora kuwanikwa kwemari. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzemitemo yemari inowanzo shandiswa nemabhanga makuru.
1. Mutemo weMari weKuwedzera
Mutemo wezvemari wekuwedzera imutemo unoshandiswa kuwedzera huwandu hwemari inowanikwa. Chinangwa chikuru chemutemo uyu ndechekukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi panguva yekuderera kwehupfumi kana kudzikira kwehupfumi. Nekuwedzera huwandu hwemari inowanikwa, zvinotarisirwa kuti kushandiswa kwemari nekudyara mari zvichawedzera, nokudaro zvichikurudzira mabasa ehupfumi.
Zvishandiso zveMutemo weMari weKuwedzera
- Kuderedza Mubereko: Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa muhurongwa hwemari hwekuwedzera ikuderedza mubereko. Mubereko wakaderera unoita kuti kukwereta kuve kwakachipa, nokudaro zvichikurudzira makambani kuisa mari uye vatengi kuwedzera zvikwereti zvavo.
– Kushanda Mumusika Wakavhurika: Bhangi guru rinogona kutenga masheya ehurumende mumusika wakavhurika kuti riwedzere mari inochengeterwa mumabhanga uye riwedzere mari inochengeterwa mumabhanga.
- Kuderedzwa kweReserve Requirement Ratio: Nekudzikisa zvinodiwa zvishoma zvereserve izvo mabhanga anofanira kuva nazvo, bhangi guru rinobvumira mabhanga kukweretesa mari yakawanda kumabhizinesi nevatengi.
2. Mutemo weMari Unobvumirana
Kusiyana nemutemo wekuwedzera mari, mutemo wezvemari weContractary Monetary Policy une chinangwa chekuderedza kuwanikwa kwemari. Mutemo uyu unowanzoitwa kana hupfumi hwanyanya kukwira kana paine kumanikidzwa kukuru kwekukwira kwemitengo. Chinangwa chawo chikuru ndechekuderedza kukwira kwemitengo uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemitengo.
Zvishandiso zveMutemo weMari Unobvumirana
– Kukwidza Kwemubereko: Nekukwidza mubereko, mabhanga makuru anoita kuti kukwereta kudhure zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinowanzo kuderedza kudiwa kwechikwereti uye zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwemari nekudyara kwevatengi.
– Kushanda Mumusika Wakavhurika (Kutengeswa Kwezvibatiso): Kutengesa zvibatiso mumusika wakavhurika kunobatsira kutora mari kubva muhurongwa hwebhangi.
– Kuwedzera kweReserve Requirement Ratio: Nekuwedzera zvinodiwa zvishoma zveReserve izvo mabhangi anofanira kuisa kubhangi guru, huwandu hwemari inogona kukwereteswa hunoderedzwa.
3. Mutemo weKuchinjana Kwemari
Mutemo wemari unosanganisirawo kudzora mwero wekutsinhana kwemari. Mune dzimwe nyika, mabhanga makuru anopindira zvakananga mumusika wekutsinhana kwemari yekunze kuti awane mwero wekutsinhana waunoda. Chinangwa chingave chekudzikamisa mari, kuwedzera kukwikwidzana kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika, kana kudzora kukwira kwemitengo kwezvinhu zvinopinzwa munyika.
Mhando dzeMitemo yeKuchinjana Kwemari
– Fixed Exchange Rate: Bhangi guru rinochengetedza mwero wekutsinhana kwemari padanho rakati, kazhinji nekutenga kana kutengesa mari zhinji dzekunze.
– Muganho weKuchinjana Kwemari Inoyerera: Pasi pehurongwa uhwu, muganho wekutsinhana kwemari unobvumirwa kuyerera asi mukati memiganhu yakatarwa. Kana muganho wekutsinhana ukaenda kunze kwemiganhu iyi, kupindira kunoitwa.
4. Mutemo weKutungamira Pamberi
Kutungamira mberi kutaurirana nebhangi guru maererano nehurongwa hwaro hwemari hweramangwana hunotarisirwa. Nekupa gwara remberi, bhangi guru rinoedza kugadzira zvinotarisirwa pamusika nebhizinesi maererano nemitengo yemubereko weramangwana, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa sarudzo dzehupfumi dziripo. Mutemo uyu unopa zviratidzo maererano negwara remangwana rekubatsira kugadzikana kwemisika yemari.
5. Mutemo weKubhadhara Mari
Munguva yedambudziko remari, mutemo wemari inobhadharwa unova wakakosha. Mutemo uyu unovimbisa kugadzikana kwehurongwa hwemari nekupa mamwe mari inobhadharwa kumabhanga nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemari dzinogona kunge dziri mudambudziko. Zvishandiso zvakaita senzvimbo dzekukweretesa nekukurumidzira uye nzira dzekuchinjana mari pakati pemabhanga makuru chikamu chemutemo uyu.
6. Mutemo weMari "Usiri wetsika" kana kuti Usiri weStandard
Nekunge mapolicy echinyakare achishanda zvishoma kana mubereko uri pedyo ne zero (muganhu we zero), mabhangi makuru anoshandisa mapolicy asiri echinyakare. Izvi zvinosanganisira quantitative easing uye credit easing.
Zvishandiso zveMutemo Zvisiri zvechinyakare
- Kurerutsa Mari (QE): Mabhangi makuru anotenga midziyo yemari yakawanda kuti awedzere mari uye aderedze mitengo yemubereko yenguva refu.
- Kurerutsa Zvikwereti: Kutarisa pakutenga zvinhu zvine chekuita nekufamba kwechikwereti zvakaita semabhondi emakambani uye kuvimbiswa kwechikwereti chevatengi kuti zvivandudze kufamba kwechikwereti muhupfumi.
Mhedzisiro uye Matambudziko eMutemo weMari
Mutemo wezvemari, kunyange zvazvo uchishanda zvakanaka, uchiri kukonzera matambudziko nenjodzi. Dambudziko guru nderekuti "nguva yasara," kana kuti nguva yasara pakati pekuchinja kwemutemo nemigumisiro yazvo muhupfumi chaihwo. Uyezve, mutemo wezvemari haugone kudzora nguva dzose kushamisika kwekupa zvinhu, senge kushamisika kwekunze kwakaita semitengo yezvinhu.
Kutaurirana kwakajeka uye pachena kwebhangi guru kwakakosha kuderedza kusava nechokwadi kwemusika. Kushanda pamwe chete nehurongwa hwemari kwakakoshawo kuti pave nemigumisiro yakanaka mukutarisira hurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika.
Mhedziso
Mutemo wemari une basa guru mukugadzikana kwehupfumi hwenyika uye kugara zvakanaka kwayo. Nekunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemitemo yemari inogona kushandiswa, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro anoita hurumende nemabhangi makuru kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi. Pasinei nekubudirira kwayo nematambudziko ayo, mutemo wemari ucharamba uri chishandiso chakakosha mubhokisi rezvishandiso zvemitemo yehupfumi hwenyika yega yega.
