Kushandiswa kweSix Sigma Techniques muKudzora Hunhu
Munyika iri kuramba ichikwikwidzana yeindasitiri nemasevhisi, mhando haisisiri kungowedzera kukosha, asi chinhu chikuru chinodiwa kuti munhu ararame uye akure. Makambani anofanirwa kugadzira zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi anogara aine zvikanganiso zvishoma uye zvinosangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi. Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira uye dzakasimbiswa dzekutonga mhando nekuvandudza iSix Sigma. Nzira iyi haingotarise chete pakuongorora chigadzirwa chekupedzisira asi inosimbisawo kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akarongeka, anotungamirirwa nedata kuderedza kusiyana uye kubvisa zvikonzero zvematambudziko. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvepfungwa yeSix Sigma, zvinangwa zvayo, matanho ekushandisa, uye mabhenefiti nematambudziko ekushandisa iyo yekudzora mhando.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeSigma Nhanhatu
Six Sigma inzira yekuvandudza maitiro ine chinangwa chekuderedza chiyero chekukanganisa kusvika padanho rakaderera zvikuru. Maererano nehuwandu, "six sigma" level inoreva maitiro anogadzira chete zvikanganiso zvinosvika 3,4 pamikana miriyoni (DPMO). Kunyange zvazvo nhamba iyi ichiwanzo shandiswa sechiyereso chakakodzera, chinangwa cheSix Sigma chiri munheyo dzayo huru: kuderedza kusiyana kwemaitiro uye kuona kuti maitiro anomhanya zvakanaka uye anosangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi.
Six Sigma yakatanga kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwayo kuMotorola kuma1980, uye yakazokurumidza kukura mushure mekushandiswa kwayo neGeneral Electric (GE). Nhasi, Six Sigma inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: kugadzira, hutano, mabhangi, logistics, dzidzo, uye kunyange mabasa everuzhinji. Simba rayo ihurongwa hwayo hwakajeka, kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvehuwandu, uye tsika yekuita sarudzo dzakavakirwa pachokwadi.
Sei Six Sigma Ichishanda Pakudzora Hunhu Hwakanaka?
Kudzora hunhu hwechinyakare kunowanzo tarisa pakuongorora, kutora sampuli, kana kuyedza zvigadzirwa mushure mekunge kugadzirwa kwapera. Maitiro aya akakosha, asi dzimwe nguva haashande kana chikonzero chedambudziko chichibva mukuita kusina kugadzikana. Six Sigma inoita kuti kutonga hunhu kuve nyore: haingotarise chete pakutsvaga zvikanganiso asiwo pakudzivirira kuti zvisaitike nekuvandudza maitiro anozvikonzera.
MuSix Sigma, mhando inoonekwa kubva pamaonero anotarisa mutengi. Hunhu hausi "chigadzirwa chakanaka" chete zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nevatengi, asi "chigadzirwa chinosangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi uye chinoramba chiripo nekufamba kwenguva." Saka, Six Sigma inobatsira makambani kuronga zvinonzi CTQs (Critical to Quality), hunhu hunonyanya kusarudza kugutsikana kwevatengi.
Chimiro cheDMAIC muKushandiswa kweSix Sigma
Mashandisirwo akajairika eSix Sigma pakuvandudza maitiro aripo iDMAIC framework: Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, and Control. Matanho mashanu aya anoumba kutenderera kwekuvandudzwa kwakarongeka.
1. Tsanangura (Tsanangura Matambudziko neZvinangwa)
Chikamu cheDefine chinotarisa pakuona matambudziko ane simba guru, kugadza chiyero chepurojekiti, uye kutsanangura zvinodiwa nevatengi. Mapoka matanhatu eSigma anowanzo gadzira zvirevo zvematambudziko, zvinangwa zvekuvandudza, uye zviratidzo zvakakosha zvekushanda (KPIs). Chikamu ichi chinotarisawo kuti ndeapi maitiro achave chinangwa uye chinoisa miganhu yakajeka yekudzivirira purojekiti kuti isakure.
Semuenzaniso, kambani inoona kuti mwero wezvikanganiso pamutsetse wekugadzira uri kuwedzera, zvichikonzera kunyunyuta kwevatengi uye mari yekugadzirisa patsva. Chinangwa chingave chekuderedza mwero wezvikanganiso kubva pa5% kusvika pa1% mukati memwedzi mitatu.
2. Kuyera (Kuyera Kushanda Kwemaitiro Azvino)
Muchikamu chekuyera, timu inounganidza data kuti inzwisise mashandiro ari kuita mashandiro acho. Data iri rinogona kusanganisira huwandu hwezvikanganiso, nguva yekutenderera, mwero wekudzoserwa kwechigadzirwa, kana ma parameter ekushanda akadai sekupisa, kumanikidzwa, uye hunyoro. Kuyera kunofanirwa kunge kwakakodzera uye kwakafanana, saka kuongororwa kwesystem yekuyera kakawanda (Measurement System Analysis/MSA) kunoitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvishandiso zvekuyera uye nzira dzekunyora data dzakarurama.
Mhedzisiro yedanho iri ipfungwa yekutanga yekushanda kwemaitiro, semuenzaniso kukosha kweDPMO, nhanho chaiyo ye sigma, kana kuyerwa kwesimba remaitiro akadai seCp neCpk.
3. Ongorora (Ongorora Zvikonzero)
Chikamu cheAnalyse chinangwa chekuona chikonzero chikuru chekukanganisa kana kuchinja. Zvishandiso zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinosanganisira:
- Dhayagiramu yePareto yekuona rudzi rwechikanganiso chinonyanya kukosha,
- Dhayagiramu yeFishbone (Ishikawa) yekuratidza zvinhu zvinokonzera kubva kumunhu, muchina, nzira, zvinhu, nharaunda uye mativi ekuyera,
- 5 Zvikonzero zvekutsvaga zvikonzero zvikuru,
- Kuongorora nhamba dzakadai sekubatana, kudzoreredza, kuyedzwa kwefungidziro, kana ANOVA kuratidza kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvine simba.
Danho iri rinokosha nekuti kugadzirisa kunoitwa pasina kunzwisisa chikonzero chacho kunowanzoguma nemhinduro dzenguva pfupi, kwete kugadzirisa zvachose.
4. Kuvandudza (Isa Mhinduro Dzekuvandudza)
Kana chikonzero chikuru chaonekwa, chikamu cheImprove chinotarisa pakugadzira nekushandisa mhinduro. Mhinduro dzinogona kusanganisira kuchinja marongero emuchina, kugadzirisa maitiro ekushanda akajairwa (SOPs), kudzidzisa vashandi, kuvandudza mhando yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kana kugadzira patsva maturusi ebasa. Chikwata chinogona kushandisa nzira yeDesign of Experiments (DOE) kuyedza musanganiswa wakanakisa wezvinhu zvinoitwa.
Panguva ino, makambani anogonawo kuita miedzo mishoma (kuyedza) kuderedza njodzi dzekushandisa. Kana kuvandudzwa kwaitwa, mhedzisiro yacho inoenzaniswa neyakatanga kuti vaone kana mwero wezvikanganiso waderera, musiyano waderera, uye zvinangwa zvazadzikiswa.
5. Kudzora (Kuchengetedza Kuvandudzwa Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi)
Chikamu chekudzora chinoita kuti kuvandudzwa kwakaitwa kusadzoke pamamiriro ekutanga. Izvi zvinoitwa nekugadzira mitemo mitsva, kusimbisa magwaro, uye kugadzira sisitimu yekutarisa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha muchikamu chino iStatistical Process Control (SPC), zvakaita semachati ekudzora ekutarisa kugadzikana kwemaitiro.
Kudzora kunosanganisirawo hurongwa hwekupindura kana paine zvinhu zvisina kumira zvakanaka, kuongororwa nguva nenguva, uye kugoverwa kwakajeka kwemabasa. Nemamwe mashoko, kudzora mhando kunova chikamu chemabasa ezuva nezuva, kwete kungova chirongwa chenguva pfupi chete.
Basa reMaumbirwo eSangano muSix Sigma
Six Sigma inowanzo shandisa chimiro chebasa chakasiyana, chinoti:
– Mutsigiri: mutsigiri wehutungamiriri anotsigira chirongwa ichi uye anobvisa zvipingamupinyi,
– Master Black Belt: nyanzvi yezvekuita mabasa ayo inodzidzisa nekutungamira mapurojekiti,
– Black Belt: mutungamiri wepurojekiti yekuvandudza uyo ane hunyanzvi mukuongorora nhamba uye manejimendi ekuchinja,
– Green Belt: nhengo yechikwata inoita mapurojekiti ekuvandudza muchikamu chake,
– Bhandi Reyero/Bhandi Jena: kunzwisisa kwekutanga uye kubatanidzwa mumabasa ekuvandudza.
Maumbirwo aya anobatsira makambani kuona kuti kuita kwacho kwakarongeka uye kwakasimba, kwete kungoitwa kamwe chete.
Mabhenefiti ekushandisa Six Sigma muKudzora Hunhu
Kushandisa Six Sigma kunogona kupa mabhenefiti chaiwo, anosanganisira:
1. Kuderedzwa kwezvikanganiso uye kugadzirisa patsva kuitira kuti mari yekugadzira iderere.
2. Kuwedzera kugutsikana kwevatengi nekuda kwehunhu hwakanaka.
3. Maitiro acho akasimba uye anodzorwa kuburikidza nekusiyana kwakasiyana.
4. Sarudzo dzinobva padata kuitira kuti matanho ekugadzirisa anyatsonangwa.
5. Kuwedzera kwekubudirira nekuda kwekushomeka kwemarara.
6. Tsika yekuvandudza nguva dzose inokurudzira kushanda pamwe chete.
Kazhinji, kubudirira kweSix Sigma kunogumawo nekuvandudza mukurumbira wekambani uye kukwikwidzana kwayo pamusika.
Matambudziko nezvinhu zvekutarisira
Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo, Six Sigma haisi nyore nguva dzose kuita. Matambudziko anowanzo sanganisira:
- Kusazvipira kwehutungamiriri kuitira kuti chirongwa chisawane rubatsiro rwezviwanikwa,
- Data harina kururama kana kuti harisipo, zvichiita kuti ongororo isashande zvakanaka,
- Kuramba kwevashandi nekuti shanduko inoonekwa sekuwedzera mutoro,
- Kusarudzwa kwepurojekiti kusina kukodzera, semuenzaniso yakakura zvakanyanya kana kuti isina mhedzisiro yakawanda,
- Kunyanya kutarisa nhamba pasina kutarisisa tsika dzesangano.
Kuti vakunde matambudziko aya, makambani anofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekutaurirana kwakanaka, kudzidziswa kwakakwana, kusarudzwa kwemapurojekiti anoenderana nezvinangwa zvebhizinesi, uye hurongwa hwemibairo hunokurudzira kubatanidzwa kwevashandi.
Penutup
Six Sigma inzira ine simba uye yakarongeka yekudzora hunhu nekuti inosimbisa kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro anotungamirirwa nedata, kuderedza kusiyana, uye kudzivirira kukanganisa panobva. Kuburikidza nemaitiro eDMAIC—Define, Measure, Ongorora, Improve, and Control—makambani anogona kuona matambudziko emhando, kuwana zvikonzero zvawo, kuita mhinduro dzinoshanda, uye kuchengetedza kuvandudzwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuita kwayo kuchida kuzvipira, kurangwa, uye hunyanzvi hwekuongorora, mabhenefiti anogona kuva makuru: kuderedzwa kwemitengo, kuvandudzwa kwehunhu, kugutsikana kukuru kwevatengi, uye maitiro akagadzikana. Nekuita nguva dzose, Six Sigma inogona kuva hwaro hwakakosha hwekuvaka tsika yehunhu hwepamusoro mukati mesangano.
