Hukama huripo pakati peMaumbirwo neHunhu hwePolymers
Mapolymer mamorekuru akaumbwa nemayuniti madiki anodzokororwa, anozivikanwa semamonomers. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemapolymer dzinowanikwa muzvisikwa uye dzinogonawo kugadzirwa nenzira yekugadzirwa. Mienzaniso yemapolymer echisikigo inosanganisira mapuroteni, DNA, uye cellulose, nepo mapolymer ekugadzira anosanganisira polyethylene, polystyrene, nylon, uye polypropylene. Sezvakaita chero molekyuru hombe, chimiro chepolymer chine simba guru pahunhu hwayo hwepanyama uye hwemakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kuti hukama huripo pakati pehunhu uye hunhu hwemapolymer hunogona kutsanangurwa uye kushandiswa sei.
Maumbirwo ePolymer
Mapolymer anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nechimiro chawo uye zvinhu zviri mukati mawo. Chimiro chawo chinogona kuonekwa kubva muzvikamu zvakasiyana:
1. Magadzirirwo Ekutanga: Izvi zvinosanganisira kutevedzana kwemamonomer mucheni yepolymer. Cheni iyi inogona kuva homopolymeric (yakaumbwa kubva kumonomer imwechete) kana copolymeric (yakaumbwa kubva kumamonomer maviri kana anopfuura akasiyana).
2. Maumbirwo echipiri nechikamu chepamusoro: Izvi zvinosanganisira chimiro uye kurongeka kwecheni dzepolymer munzvimbo ye3D. Maumbirwo echipiri nechikamu chepamusoro akakosha zvikuru pakuona hunhu hwemuviri hwakadai sekuwanda, kristallinity, uye ductility yepolymer.
3. Kubatanidza matavi uye kubatanidza: Mapolymer anogona kunge aine cheni dzakasanganiswa kana dzakasanganiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa kusimba uye kusimba. Mapolymer ane matavi anowanzova nenzvimbo shoma dzekunyunguduka uye hunhu hwakapfava hwemuchina kupfuura mapolymer ane matavi mashoma kana kuti asina.
4. Kugona Kushanda: Uku ndiko kurongeka kwe geometric pamwe chete ne polymer chain. Ma polymer anogona kuva isotactic (zvose zvinotsiva zviri kudivi rimwe chete remain chain), syndiotactic (zvinotsiva zvakarongwa nenzira yakajairika pamwe chete ne chain), kana atactic (zvinotsiva zvakarongwa zvisina kurongeka).
Hunhu hwemaPolymers
Maumbirwo emapolymers anoita sei kuti pave nemigumisiro pahunhu hwavo? Heano mamwe maumbirwo emapolymers anokanganiswa zvikuru nemaumbirwo awo:
1. Simba Rokusimba uye Kusimba: Mapolymer akabatana ane simba guru rekusimba nekuti ma cross-links anodzivirira cheni dze polymer kuti dzisabvaruka kana dzadhonzwa. Hunhu hwe elastic hwema polymer akafanana nerabha hwakabatanawo zvakanyanya ne cross-links, dzinogona kudzokera kuchimiro chadzo chepakutanga mushure mekumanikidzwa.
2. Kuomarara uye Kuramba Kupisa: Ma crystalline polymers ane chimiro chakasimba uye anowanzo kuomarara kupfuura ma amorphous polymers, ane chimiro chisina kurongeka. Kuomarara uku kunowedzerawo kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya.
3. Nzvimbo Yokunyunguduka Uye Kusimba: Zvimiro zvecheni zvine matavi mupolymer zvinowanzo kuderedza huwandu hwecheni, izvo zvinogona kuderedza nzvimbo dzadzo dzekunyunguduka. Panyaya yekusimba, zvimiro zvisina kurongeka zvakaita sezviri mupolymer dzeatactic zvinopa kugona kupinza simba rakawanda kupfuura zvimiro zvenguva dzose.
4. Hunhu Hwekuona: Mapolymer ane kristalline yakawanda anowanzova asina kujeka nekuda kwekuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakarongwa zvakanyanya dzinoparadzira chiedza. Kusiyana neizvi, mapolymer asina chimiro anogona kujeka zvakanyanya nekuti kurongeka kwakarongeka muchimiro chawo kunoita kuti chiedza chipfuure nepakati zviri nyore.
5. Kupinda kwemvura uye Kuora kwechinhu: Zvivako zvine maburi kana mapazi zvinogona kuwedzera kupinda kwepolymer kumhepo kana magasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kubatana kwechinhu uye huwandu hwakawanda hwekristaro zvinowanzo kuderedza kuora kwechinhu nekuti zvinoita kuti polymer iome kuti tupukanana tuputse.
6. Kuchinjika uye Kunamira: Polyethylene (PE) muenzaniso wepolymer yakatwasuka ine kuchinjika kwakanyanya. Mapolymer ane matavi kana kuti akabatana zvakanyanya anowanzo chinjika zvishoma asi akaoma. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunamira kunowanzo kuwanikwa mumapolymer ane maumbirwo anogona kushanda zvakanaka nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Maitiro uye Dzidziso yeUkama huripo pakati peMaumbirwo nePolymer Properties
Hunhu hwemakemikari, hwekupisa, uye hwemaziso hwemapolymers hunogona kufanotaurwa uye kuchinjwa zvichibva pakunzwisisa chimiro chavo. Maitiro akasiyana-siyana nedzidziso dzinotsanangura kuti chimiro chinokanganisa sei chimiro chepolymer.
Dzidziso yeChain Inochinjika
Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi, kuchinjika kwemacheni epolymer kunobva mukutenderera kwakasununguka kwemabond emukati mukati mecheni. Chimiro chinochinjika zvakanyanya chinoita kuti pave nemapolymer asina chimiro ane hunhu hwakadai sekuchinjika kwakanyanya uye nzvimbo shoma dzekunyunguduka.
Muenzaniso weBoltzmann
Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura kugoverwa kwesimba remamorekuru pamatanho akasiyana esimba. Panyaya yemapolymer, inobatsira kutsanangura kuti cheni dzepolymer dzinogona sei kugadzira makristaro kana kuramba dzisina chimiro sezvo tembiricha ichichinja.
Dzidziso yeNetiweki yeElastomer
Izvi zvine chekuita nemapolymer ethermoset akaita serabha, ayo anogona kudzokera kuchimiro chawo chepakutanga mushure mekumanikidzwa. Network iyi ine cheni dzepolymer dzakabatana, zvichigadzira rabha yakakosha pakushandisa senge matayi emotokari.
Thermodynamics uye Nhamba dzePolymers
Nzira yethermodynamic inotsanangura kuenzana kuripo pakati pe entropy ne enthalpy pakuona mamiriro ekupedzisira e polymer, ingave crystalline kana amorphous. Nhamba dzinoongorora zvinhu zvinogona kuitika uye dzinoona kupararira kwehurefu hwe polymer chain hunokanganisa hunhu hwayo hwepanyama.
Kushandiswa kwehukama huripo pakati pechimiro nemaitiro ePolymers
Kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemagadzirirwo epolymer nemaitiro ayo kunoita kuti masayendisiti nemainjiniya vagadzire zvinhu zvine mashandiro chaiwo ekushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kuzvikamu zvendege kusvika kumidziyo yekurapa kusvika pakurongedza chikafu.
1. Zvinhu Zvakasanganiswa: Mapolymer ane zvivakwa zvakasimbiswa nekabhoni kana magirazi fibers anoshandiswa mukushandiswa kwendege kuti asimbise simba rakawanda asi aine huremu hushoma.
2. Makemikoro Anosarudza: Mapolymer ane maumbirwo chaiwo anogona kushandiswa kune makemikoro anosarudza maion kana mamorekuru chaiwo, akakosha pakuchenesa mvura uye matekinoroji ekurapa.
3. MaPolymer Anofambisa: Nekushandisa doping yakakodzera, maumbirwo epolymer anogona kuchinjwa kuti aendese magetsi, anoshandiswa mumidziyo yemagetsi inochinjika senge maOLED nemabhatiri epolymer.
4. Kurongedza uye Kurongedza: Zvivakwa zvepolymer zvinopa kuchinjika kwakanyanya uye kujeka zvakakosha pakurongedza chikafu chinogona kuchengetedza kutsva uye kuwedzera nguva yekugara kwacho.
5. MaPolymer ekurapa uye anoora: MaPolymer ane maumbirwo anogona kuora netupukanana tunoshandiswa pakushandisa michina yekurapa inogona kuora mumuviri, zvichiita kuti pasave nekudiwa kwekuvhiyiwa.
Nekudzidza nekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemagadzirirwo epolymer nezvivakwa, tinogona kugadzira zviri nani zvinhu zvisingangosviki pazvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi chete asiwo zvine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinovhura nzira yekuvandudza kusingaperi mune zvesainzi yezvinhu uye makemikari engineering, zvine simba guru pamaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
