Physiology yeMichero yeMichero
Physiology yezvirimwa zvemichero ibazi resainzi rinoongorora mashandiro anoita nhengo nematishu ezvirimwa zvemichero kuti zviite mabasa azvo akakosha—kubva pakunwa mvura nezvinovaka muviri, photosynthesis, kukura, kutumbuka, kuumbwa kwemichero, uye kuibva. Kunzwisisa physiology yezvirimwa zvemichero kwakakosha pakuwedzera kubereka, kunaka kwegoho, uye kusimba kwezvirimwa pakunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuburikidza nenzira yefiziyoloji, varimi nevanochengeta miriwo vanogona kuita sarudzo dzekurima dzine ruzivo rwakawanda, dzakadai sekuberekesa, kudiridza, kuchekerera, kutarisira maruva nemichero, uye nzira dzekukohwa.
1. Hunhu hwemiti yemichero uye kutenderera kwayo kwehupenyu
Michero inowanzo sanganisira miti inogara kwenguva refu yakaita semango, maranjisi, madurian, maapuro, nemazambiringa, kunyange zvazvo mimwe yacho iri yegore negore yakaita semanwiwa nemanwiwa. Mumiti inogara kwenguva refu, chikamu chevechidiki (chisati chakwanisa kutumbuka) chinogona kugara kwemwedzi yakati wandei kusvika kumakore akati wandei, zvichienderana nerudzi uye nzira yekubereka. Miti inobereka (nembeu) inowanzova nenguva yakareba yevechidiki kupfuura yezvirimwa (kubatanidza, kutunga, kusanganisa, kuchekwa). Izvi zvine chekuita nekukura kwemuviri kwenyama—chirimwa chinoda kuwana huwandu hwakakwana hwemahormone uye makabhohaidhiretsi kuti chipinde muchikamu chekubereka.
Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwemuti wemichero kunosanganisira kukura kwemiti (kuumbwa kwemidzi, madzinde, nemashizha), kuchinja kusvika pakukura, kutumbuka, kumera kwemichero, kukura kwemichero, kuibva, uye dzimwe nguva kusamira zvakanaka mumiti iri munzvimbo dzinopisa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekutarisira nharaunda nekurima.
2. Kunwa mvura nezvinovaka muviri: basa remidzi nerhizosphere
Midzi ndiyo nhengo huru dzinopinza mvura nezvinovaka muviri. Kunyudzwa kunoitika zvikurukuru munzvimbo ine bvudzi remidzi, ine nzvimbo yakakura pamusoro. Mvura inopinda mumidzi kuburikidza ne osmosis, nepo zvinovaka muviri zvichinyudzwa kuburikidza nekupararira, kuyerera kwehuwandu, uye kutakurwa kwakasimba nerubatsiro rwemapuroteni ekutakura ari mu membrane yesero.
Mamiriro e rhizosphere (nzvimbo yakakomberedza midzi) anokanganisa zvikuru kugona kwemidzi kupinza zvinovaka muviri. pH yevhu ndiyo inosarudza kuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri: semuenzaniso, phosphorus inowanzo sunga pamazinga e pH akaderera zvakanyanya kana akakwira zvakanyanya, nepo micronutrients dzakadai seFe neMn dziri nyore kuwanikwa pamazinga e pH ane acidic zvishoma. Kufema kwevhu kwakakoshawo; ivhu rakazara nemvura rinotungamira mukushaikwa kweokisijeni, kumisa kufema kwemidzi, uye kuderedza kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri. Muzvirimwa zvemichero, midzi ine hutano ndiyo hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwenguva refu, ichipa mvura, zvinovaka muviri, uye mahormone akaita se cytokinins anokurudzira kukura kwemashizha.
3. Kugadzira michero nekufema: manyuko esimba rekugadzira michero
Mashizha "mafekitori" anoshandura simba rechiedza kuita shuga kuburikidza ne photosynthesis. Zvigadzirwa zve photosynthesis, makabhohaidhiretsi (kunyanya sucrose nestarch), zvinoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira, kutumbuka, uye kuzadza michero. Mwero we photosynthesis unokonzerwa nekusimba kwechiedza, tembiricha, kuwanikwa kwemvura, CO₂, mamiriro ekudya (kunyanya nitrogen, magnesium, uye iron), uye hutano hwemashizha.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kufema inzira yekupwanya makabhohaidhiretsi kuti agadzire simba (ATP) rekushanda kwemasero. Kana tembiricha yakakwira kana kushushikana, mwero wekufema unowedzera, zvichikurumidza kuderedza huwandu hweshuga yakachengetedzwa. Zvinorehwa zvakajeka: michero ine photosynthesis yakawanda uye kufema kwakadzorwa inowanzo bereka michero inotapira uye yakakura nekuti michero yakawanda inogona kuiswa mumuchero.
4. Kunzwisisa hukama hwekuchinja nzvimbo: hukama hwekwakabva nekwakadzika
Pfungwa huru mu physiology yemiti yemichero ihukama hwenzvimbo pakati pemvura nemiti. Mashizha akakura anoshanda senzvimbo nekuti anogadzira photosynthesis, nepo nhengo dzinoda simba dzakadai semabukira madiki, midzi, maruva, nemichero dzichishanda senzvimbo. Muchero, kunyanya panguva yekukura, inzvimbo ine simba guru.
Photosynthates dzinobva muchikamu chemuti wemichero (phloem). Michero yakawanda inowedzera kukwikwidzana pakati padzo, zvichideredza saizi yadzo uye kunaka kwadzo. Nokudaro, kutetepa kwemaapuro, michero yecitrus, uye mazambiringa inzira yekuderedza sink-sink physiology: kuderedza sink kuitira kuti michero yasara iwane assimilates iri nani. Kuchekerera miti kunochinjawo chiyero che source-sink nekuderedza mutoro pamimwe nhengo uye kukurudzira kukura kwemashizha anobereka.
5. Mahormone ekukura: anodzora kukura, maruva nemichero
Mahormone emiti (phytohormones) anoshanda zvishoma asi ane simba guru. Mamwe emahormone akakosha mu physiology yemiti yemichero anosanganisira:
1. Auxin: inokurudzira kureba kwemasero, kutonga kweapical, uye inoita basa guru mukuumbwa kwemichero. Auxin inobatanidzwawo nekudzivirira kudonha kwemichero midiki mune zvimwe zvirimwa.
2. Gibberellin (GA): inokurudzira kureba kwehunde, kukura kwemichero mune mamwe marudzi, uye inogona kunonoka kukwegura. Mumazambiringa, GA inowanzoshandiswa kuwedzera saizi yemichero isina mhodzi.
3. MaCytokinins: anokurudzira kupatsanurwa kwemasero uye kukura kwemashizha; anogadzirwa akawanda mumidzi uye anoenda kukorona.
4. Abscisic acid (ABA): ine chekuita nekushushikana (kusanaya kwemvura) uye kudzora kuvharika kwedumbu. ABA ine basawo muzvikamu zvekuibva kwemichero, kunyanya ine chekuita nekuunganidzwa kweshuga uye ruvara.
5. Ethylene: hormone inobereka michero yemwaka wechando uye inokonzera kukwegura uye kudonha kwemashizha/michero (kudonha). Kutarisira ethylene kwakakosha pakuchengetwa mushure mekukohwa.
Kuenzana kwemahormone kunokonzerwa nenzvimbo uye maitiro ekurima. Semuenzaniso, kushaikwa kwemvura zvishoma pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kukonzera kutumbuka kwemaruva mune mimwe michero yemichero inonaya munzvimbo dzinopisa nekuchinja huwandu hwemahormone uye kugamuchira kupararira kwawo.
6. Kutumbuka: kutanga, kutanga, uye zvinhu zvakatipoteredza
Kutumbuka kwemaruva inzira inosarudza goho. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kutanga kutumbuka (chirimwa chinowana chiratidzo chekuti ruva ruva ribude), kutanga kutumbuka (meristem inoshanduka kuita ruva remeristem), uye kukura kwemaruva. Zvinhu zvinokonzeresa kutumbuka kwemaruva zvinosanganisira:
– Photoperiod: kureba kwezuva kune simba guru pane zvimwe zvirimwa.
– Tembiricha: zvirimwa zvemunzvimbo dzinopisa zvakaita semaapuro nemapeya zvinoda "kutonhora kunodiwa" (kuunganidza tembiricha inotonhora) kuti zvisamire zvakanaka uye zvitange kutumbuka.
– Makabhohaidhiretsi: huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakachengetwa hunotsigira kuumbwa kwemaruva.
– Kushushikana kwakadzorwa: mune zvimwe zvinhu zvinopisa, nguva yekusanaya kwemvura inogona kukurudzira maruva panguva imwe chete.
Kutarisira kurima, sekufetera nitrogen, kunofanirawo kunge kwakakodzera. Nitrogen yakawandisa inowanzo kurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa uye kunonoka kutumbuka, nepo N, P, uye K zvichibatsira kuchinja kwekubereka.
7. Kuisa fetereza, kuumbwa kwemichero, uye kudonha kwemichero
Mushure mekubereka mbeu nekudyara, michero inotanga kuumbwa. Zvisinei, haasi maruva ese anozokohwewa. Kudonha kwemaruva nemichero midiki kunowanzoitika nekuda kwekusakwanisa kusanganisa michero, kusagadzikana kwekubereka mbeu, kupisa kwakanyanya, zvipembenene/zvirwere, kana kusawirirana kwemahormone. Muzvirimwa zvakawanda zvemichero, pane nguva ye "kudonha kwemuviri," inova nzira yekusarudza michero kuti ienderane nekukwanisa kwayo kuwana michero.
Kudzora mutoro wemichero kuburikidza nekutetepa kunogona kuvandudza saizi, kufanana, uye mhando. Uyezve, mvura yakakwana inokosha panguva yekutanga kwekukura kwemichero, sezvo kupatsanurwa kwemasero kwakanyanya. Kushomeka kwemvura panguva iyi kunogona kukonzera michero midiki zvachose, kunyangwe mvura ikavandudzika gare gare.
8. Kukura kwemichero nekuibva kwayo: kutonhora uye kusingasvibi
Muchero unochinja-chinja muviri panguva yekuibva: kupfava kwemadziro emasero, kuchinja kwemavara nekuda kwekuora kwechlorophyll uye kuumbwa kwepigment (carotenoids/anthocyanins), kuwedzera kweshuga, kudzikira kwema organic acids, uye kuumbwa kwemunhuwi.
Muchidzidzo chemuviri, michero yakakamurwa kuita:
– Michero yemwaka wechando: inowana kufema kwakanyanya uye kugadzirwa kwe ethylene panguva yekuibva, senge mabhanana, mango, mapapaya, maapuro, nematomatisi. Michero iyi inogona kukohwewa kana yakura uye kuibva mushure mekukohwewa.
– Michero isingakwire zvakanyanya: hairatidzi kufema kwakanyanya; kuibva kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemaitiro ari mukati memuti, akadai semaranjisi, mazambiringa, mapainasi, uye mastrawberry. Michero iyi inowanzo torwa kana yava kusvika pakukura kuti ive yemhando yepamusoro.
Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakusarudza nguva yekukohwa, nzira dzekuchengetera, uye kushandisa zvinhu zvinodzora kuibva zvakaita se ethylene kana ethylene inhibitors.
9. Kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadziriswa kwemuviri
Zvirimwa zvemichero zvinowanzosangana nematambudziko akadai sekusanaya kwemvura, munyu, tembiricha yakakwira, tembiricha yakaderera, uye kushaya chiedza. Mhinduro dzemuviri dzinosanganisira kuvharika kwedumbu (kuderedza kurasikirwa nemvura asi kuderedza photosynthesis), kuwedzera kwemakemikari anochengetedza osmo, kuchinja kwemahormone (ABA yakawedzera), uye kugadziriswa kwemidzi yemiti.
Nzira dzekurima dzekuderedza kushushikana dzinosanganisira kufukidza matanda ekuchengetedza hunyoro, kudiridza nemadonhwe emvura kuti mvura ishande zvakanaka, mumvuri usina kukwana wembeu, kusarudza mhando dzinoshivirira, uye kupfekedza zvirimwa zvine mwero kuti zvirambe zvakasimba. Muzvirimwa zvemichero zvinogara kwenguva refu, kushushikana kwakawanda gore negore kunogona kuderedza kubereka, saka kutarisira nharaunda kwakakosha kuti minda irambe yakasimba.
10. Mhedziso
Kudzidziswa kwezvirimwa zvemichero kunopa hurongwa hwesainzi hwekunzwisisa kuti nei chirimwa chichitumbuka, chichibereka michero, kana kuti chichitadza kubereka. Nekunzwisisa mabasa emidzi, mashizha, masisitimu ekufambisa, mahormone, uye hukama pakati pezvinhu zvinomera, tinogona kugadzira nzira dzekurima dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa nezvirimwa. Izvi zvinokanganisa kwete chete kuwedzera kwegoho asiwo kunaka kwemichero—kuravira, saizi, ruvara, kunhuhwirira—uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandisa zvinhu zvakaita semvura nefetereza. Pakupedzisira, kushandiswa kwakakodzera kweruzivo rwemuviri kunobatsira kuwana kugadzirwa kwemichero kwakasimba, kwemhando yepamusoro, uye kunoenderera mberi mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana emamiriro ekunze ekurima.
