Nheyo dzePomology
Pomology ibazi rekurima michero rinodzidza michero, kubva pamavambo ayo uye kupatsanurwa kwayo kusvika panzira dzekurima, kusvika pakubata nekushandisa mushure mekukohwa. Izwi rekuti "pomology" rinobva pashoko rechiLatini rekuti "pomum," rinoreva michero. Mukuita, pomology haingotauri chete kuti ungarima sei michero kuti uwane goho rakakura, asiwo kuti ungabereka sei michero yemhando yepamusoro, yakachengeteka kudyiwa, ine kukosha kwehupfumi, uye inosangana nezvinodiwa pamusika. Sainzi iyi inokosha nekuti michero inzvimbo ine mavhitamini, zvicherwa, fiber, uye bioactive compounds, pamwe chete nechikafu chakakosha mumasisitimu ekurima nekutengeserana.
Hukuru hwePomology
Kuwanda kwepomology kunosanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita. Chekutanga, kune botany uye taxonomy, kureva kuzivikanwa kwemarudzi emichero zvichibva pane hunhu hwechimiro, chimiro, uye hukama. Chechipiri iphysiology yemiti yemichero, iyo inodzidza maitiro ekukura, kutumbuka, kubereka, uye kuibva. Pomology inosanganisirawo majini uye kubereka zvirimwa, kunyanya kuwana mhando dzakanaka dzinobereka, dzisingabatwi nezvipembenene nezvirwere, uye dzine mhando yemichero inodiwa nevatengi. Uyezve, kune nzvimbo dzekurima (agronomy), dziviriro yezvirimwa, tekinoroji mushure mekukohwa, uye kunyange manejimendi yeminda nekushambadzira.
Nekupararira uku, pomology inogona kunzwisiswa sesainzi inobatanidza zvinodiwa nezvirimwa, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, hunyanzvi hwekurima, uye zvinodiwa nemaindasitiri kana nevatengi.
Kupatsanura uye Mhando dzeMichero
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zve pomology kunzwisisa mhando dzemichero uye hunhu hwadzo. Panyaya yemiti, muchero kukura kwechibereko (ovary) mushure mekusangana kwembeu. Zvisinei, mune zvekurima, tsananguro yemuchero inowanzo kuve yakakura, inosanganisira zvikamu zvemiti zvinodyiwa semuchero kunyangwe muzvirimwa zvisiri michero chaiyo (semuenzaniso, mastrawberry, uko chikamu chinodyiwa chiri mudziyo).
Michero inogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai se:
1. Michero ine nyama, semuenzaniso mango, bhanana, papaya, apuro nemazambiringa.
2. Michero yakaomeswa, senge nzungu kana michero inogadzirwa nembeu.
3. Michero yemwaka wekupisa neisiri yemwaka wekupisa. Michero yemwaka wekupisa—yakadai semabhanana, mango, nemaapuro—inogona kuramba ichiibva mushure mekukohwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekufema uye kugadzirwa kwe ethylene. Michero yemwaka wekupisa—yakadai semaranjisi, mapainasi, nemazambiringa—kazhinji haibereki zvakanyanya mushure mekukohwa, saka nguva yekukohwa chinhu chikuru pakusarudza mhando.
Kunzwisisa rudzi urwu rwemichero kwakakosha pakusarudza nzira dzekurima, nguva yekukohwa, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza.
Kukura kweMichero neKugadzira Chirimwa
Zvirimwa zvemichero zvine hupenyu hunotenderera hunogona kukamurwa kuita chikamu chekumera (mashizha, hunde, uye midzi) uye chikamu chekubereka (kutumbuka nekukura). Muzvirimwa zvinogara kwenguva refu zvakaita semango, durian, kana citrus, kuenzana pakati pekukura kwezvirimwa nekubereka kwakakosha kuti pave negoho renguva refu.
Zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kuchinja kubva pakudyara kuenda pakudyara zvinosanganisira:
– Majini/mhando dzakasiyana-siyana: mamwe marudzi anobereka michero nekukurumidza.
– Nzvimbo: tembiricha, mvura inonaya, kureba kwezuva, uye kuwanikwa kwemvura.
– Kudya kunovaka muviri: kunyanya kuenzana kwenitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, uye micro-nutrients.
– Kurapa kurima: kuchekerera, kuderedzwa kwemvura, kana kushandisa zvinodzora kukura kwemiti pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Mukudzidza nezve pomology, pfungwa yekuti "source-sink" inokoshawo: mashizha anoshanda senzvimbo ye photosynthesis (source) uye michero inoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza photosynthesis (sink). Kana michero isina kukwana kana kuti sink yakawandisa, saizi yemichero nehunhu hwayo zvinogona kudzikira. Nokudaro, kucheneswa kwemichero kunowanzoitwa mune zvimwe zvirimwa (maapuro, mango) kuti michero ive nani uye kuti irambe yakagadzikana.
Kupararira kweMichero yeMichero
Miti yakawanda yemichero inodyarwa nemiti kuti irambe yakagadzikana uye ine hunhu hwakanaka. Nzira dzekubereka dzakakamurwa kuita mbiri:
1. Inogadzira mbeu (mbeu): inoshandiswa pakugadzira midzi, kubereka, kana zvirimwa zvakasiyana. Dambudziko nderekuti mbeu dzinosiyana muhunhu uye nguva yekukura (nguva isati yatanga kubereka) inowanzotora nguva yakareba.
2. Kurima: kunosanganisira kuisa michero mumiti, kuchekwa kwemiti, kumera, kumera, uye kukura kwemiti. Chakanakira ndechekuti hunhu hwemiti hwakafanana nehwembedzi uye hunobereka michero nekukurumidza.
Nzira dzekurima dzinobvumirawo kushandiswa kwemusanganiswa wemidzi-midzi yemiti kuti ivandudze kuchinjika kuvhu rakasiyana, kuramba zvirwere, uye kudzora saizi yemiti (semuenzaniso, mumaapuro nemichero yemichero).
Zvinhu Zvakatipoteredza uye Kurima Bindu
Kurima michero zvakanaka kunokonzerwa zvikuru nekukodzera kwemamiriro ekunze ekurima uye kutarisirwa kwemiti. Zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
– Ivhu: magadzirirwo aro, pH, huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa, kuyerera kwemvura, uye kubereka. Michero yemichero inowanzo farira mvura yakamira, kunyangwe paine zvimwe zvisingawanzoitiki.
– Mvura: Zvinodiwa nemvura zvinosiyana. Kudiridza nguva dzose kwakakosha kuti michero ikure, nepo kudzora kushaikwa kwemvura kunogona kukurudzira kutumbuka kwemichero mune zvimwe zvirimwa.
– Chiedza: kupenya kwechiedza kunokanganisa photosynthesis, ruvara rwemichero, uye kuumbwa kweshuga.
– Tembiricha nekureba: zvinokanganisa maruva uye kunaka kwemichero, semuenzaniso maapuro anoda tembiricha inotonhorera, nepo mango dzakakodzera nzvimbo dzinopisa.
Nzira huru dzekurima dzinosanganisira kuisa fetereza yakaringana, kudzora sora, kuchekerera (kugadzira denga, kuvandudza kutenderera kwemhepo uye kupinda kwechiedza), uye kutarisira maruva nemichero.
Zvipembenene, Zvirwere, uye Kutarisirwa Kwakabatana
Zvirimwa zvemichero zvinokanganiswa nezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita senhunzi dzemichero, ma<em>aphid</em>, makonye, uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefungus, mabhakitiriya, nemavhairasi. Kukuvara hakungodzikisi goho chete asiwo kunoderedza kunaka uye nguva yekugara kwenguva refu.
Mukudzidza kwepomology yemazuva ano, nzira inokurudzirwa ndeye Integrated Pest Management (IPM), iyo inosanganisa:
- kutarisa nguva dzose,
- kushandiswa kwevavengi vechisikigo,
- kucheneswa kwebindu,
- mhando dzinotsungirira,
- nzira dzakakodzera dzekurima,
- nemishonga yezvipembenene senzira yekupedzisira ine mwero wakakodzera uye nguva yekuisa mushonga.
Maitiro aya akakosha kuchengetedza nharaunda yakachengeteka uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
Kukohwa uye Mushure mekukohwa: Kuchengetedza Hunhu hweMichero
Matanho ekukohwa uye ekukohwa mushure mekukohwa anonyanya kuratidza kukosha kwemusika wemichero. Nguva yekukohwa isiriyo inogona kukonzera kuti michero isanyanya kutapira, ive yakavava, isina kunaka, kana kuti ikurumidze kuora. Kuziva kuibva kwayo kunogona kuenderana neruvara rweganda, saizi, zera, shuga (°Brix), kusimba kwenyama, uye kunhuhwirira kwayo.
Mushure mekukohwa, michero inoramba iri mhenyu uye inofema. Nokudaro, kubata mushure mekukohwa kunotarisa pane zvinotevera:
– kuderedza kukuvara kwemuchina (mavanga, maronda),
- kuderedza kurasikirwa nemvura (kudzikira kwehuremu),
- kunonoka kufema uye kuibva panguva yekupisa kwakaderera,
- kudzora hutachiona hunokonzera kuora,
- pamwe nekurongedza nekutakura kwakakodzera.
Matekinoroji akadai semacheni anotonhora, mhepo dzakagadziriswa, uye machira anodyiwa ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya kuwedzera nguva yekugara kwechinhu.
Pomology muKuvandudza Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye Maindasitiri
Kufambira mberi mukuongorora zvirimwa kwakakonzerawo kukura kwemhando itsva dzine kukosha kwakawedzerwa: kunaka kunotapira, kunhuhwirira kwakasimba, mavara anoyevedza, saizi yakafanana, uye nguva yekugara kwenguva refu. Kubereka kwemhando dzezvirimwa, kusarudza michero yemhando ye cronal, uye nzira dzemazuva ano dze biotechnology zvinogona kushandiswa zvichienderana nechinangwa uye chinhu chinotengeswa.
Kudivi remaindasitiri, kudiwa kwemichero mitsva yemhando yepamusoro kuri kuwedzera, pamwe nekudiwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira majusi, majamu, machipisi emichero, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa. Pomology inopa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuona kuti kuwanikwa kwezvinhu kunoramba kuripo, mwero wemhando yepamusoro, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira.
Mhedziso
Nheyo dze pomology dzinosanganisira kunzwisisa mhando dzemichero nemaitiro ayo, kukura nekuibva kwayo, nzira dzekubereka nadzo, manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza nekurima, kudzora zvipembenene nezvirwere, uye kukohwa nekubata mushure mekukohwa. Pomology haisi sainzi yekurima michero chete, asi sainzi yekuona kuti michero inogadzirwa zvine zvibereko, ine mhando, kukosha kwehupfumi, uye inoenderera mberi. Nekunzwisisa misimboti iyi yekutanga, varimi, vaongorori, nevatambi veindasitiri yekurima vanogona kuita sarudzo dzakanyatsojeka dzekuwedzera goho remichero nehunhu, uku vachisangana nezvinodiwa nemusika nezvinodiwa zvekudya munharaunda.
