Michero yeMichero yeSubtropical
Michero yemuno munogara pasi pemvura iboka remiti inobereka michero inowanzokura zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anogara pasi pemvura, kureva nzvimbo dzine mwaka mina kana kuti nguva yechando yakasiyana mugore rose. Kunyangwe mimwe michero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa ichigona kurimwa munzvimbo dzinopisa (kunyanya nzvimbo dzakakwirira), hunhu hwayo hwemiti uye zvinodiwa mumuviri zvichiri kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekwakabva mamiriro ekunze. Kunzwisisa botany yemiti yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kwakakosha kwete chete pazvinangwa zvesainzi asiwo pakurima, kubereka, uye kuchengetedza germplasm.
Pfungwa yeMamiriro ekunze emunzvimbo dzinopisa uye mhedzisiro yayo pazvirimwa zvemichero
Mamiriro ekunze anogara munzvimbo dzinopisa anoratidzwa nekupisa kusvika kuzhizha uye kutonhora kusvika kuchando. Panyaya yemiti, chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa michero yakawanda iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kubva kune dzinopisa inodiwa "nekutonhora" kwemamwe marudzi. Chinodiwa ichi chine chekuita nekurara kwemabukira, mamiriro emuviri ekuzorora anobatsira zvirimwa kurarama mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora uye wozotangazve kukura nekutumbuka panguva imwe chete kana tembiricha yadziya.
Munzvimbo dzisingasvitse zvinodiwa pakutonhora, mimwe miriwo inogona kusangana nematambudziko ekutumbuka kwemaruva, kukura kwemashizha asina kuenzana, kana kuti kubereka michero mishoma. Nokudaro, kusarudza mhando dzisina zvinodiwa pakutonhora zvishoma inzira yakakosha pakurima michero iri munzvimbo dzinodziya.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzeMichero yeSubtropical uye Kupatsanurwa Kwakasiyana
Kazhinji, michero yemuno munogara munzvimbo dzinopisa inosanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti. Mimwe mienzaniso inozivikanwa inosanganisira maapuro (Malus domestica), mapeya (Pyrus spp.), mapichi (Prunus persica), mapurumu (Prunus domestica), macheri (Prunus avium), mazambiringa (Vitis vinifera), mastrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), uye mimwe michero yecitrus (Citrus spp.) inonyatsoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Pamusoro pezvo, mapersimmons (Diospyros kaki), mapomegranate (Punica granatum), uye maorivhi (Olea europaea) anowanzo batanidzwa nenzvimbo dzinopisa dzeMediterranean.
Kurongwa kwemiti yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kunogona kuongororwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwemhando (mhuri, rudzi, mhando), rudzi rwekukura (muti, shrub, herb), uye hunhu hwemashizha (anooma kana anogara ari evergreen). Maapuro, mapeya, uye marudzi mazhinji ePrunus anowanzo oma, nepo citrus nemaorivhi anowanzo gara ari evergreen.
Maitiro eMuriwo: Midzi, Madzinde, uye Mashizha
Akar
Midzi yemichero yemuno inokura munzvimbo dzinopisa inowanzova nemudzi mukuru unokura kuita midzi yemativi, kunyanya mumiti ine miti yakaita semaapuro nemapichi. Midzi inoita basa guru mukutorwa kwemvura nekudya uye inopa rutsigiro. Mukurima kwemazuva ano, kushandiswa kwemidzi kunokanganisa chimiro chemidzi: mimwe midzi inogona kuwedzera kushivirira ivhu rakaoma, kusanaya kwemvura, munyu, kana utachiona hunobva muvhu.
Hunde neKorona
Madzinde emiti yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa ane huni uye kukura kwekutanga nekwechipiri. Kambium tissue inoumba xylem yechipiri nephloem, zvichiita kuti dzinde rikure muhupamhi uye rigadzire madenderedzwa egore negore mune mamwe marudzi - chiitiko chinoonekwa munzvimbo dzine mwaka wakasiyana. Chimiro chekorona chinosiyana, uye mukurima chinowanzo gadzirwa kuburikidza nekuchekerera kuti chidzore kupinda kwechiedza, kutenderera kwemhepo, uye kupararira kwemichero.
Daun
Mashizha emichero yemunzvimbo dzinopisa anogona kunge ari nyore (semuenzaniso, maapuro) kana kuti anowanikwa mune mamwe marudzi. Mumiti inodonha mashizha, mashizha anokura uye anobuda muchando kana nguva yechando yasvika. Maitiro aya anokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemahormone uye photoperiodism (kureba kwezuva). Mumiti inogara yakasvibira yemunzvimbo dzinopisa senge citrus, mashizha anowanzogara kwenguva yakareba asi achiri kuchinja mashizha zvishoma nezvishoma.
Maitiro Ekugadzira: Maruva, Kusvina, uye Michero
Ruva
Maruva ndiwo musimboti wekubudirira kwekugadzira michero. Miti yakawanda yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa inobereka maruva akanaka (ane stamens nepistils) asi ichiri kuda kusanganiswa kwemaruva kuti iwane goho rakanaka. Semuenzaniso, kana iri maapuro, mhando dzakawanda hadzina kukwana, dzinoda mhando dzinoburitsa goho uye mashandiro ezvipembenene, kunyanya nyuchi.
Maumbirwo emaruva anogona kubatsira kuziva mhuri: Maruva eRosaceae (maapuro, mapeya, mapichisi) anowanzova nemaruva akasiyana uye macorollas, uye stamens dzakawanda. Mazambiringa (Vitaceae) ane maruva madiki, akafanana nepanicle, uye maruva ecitrus anonhuwirira zvakanyanya uye ane stamens dzakawanda.
Kubereka uye Kuberekesa
Kubereka mbeu kunogona kubatsirwa nemhepo (anemophily) kana zvipembenene (entomophily), asi michero yakawanda yemuno inogara munzvimbo dzinopisa inovimba nezvipembenene. Mushure mekubereka mbeu, kubereka kunoitika, izvo zvinokonzeresa kukura kwemichero nembeu. Mamiriro ekunze panguva yemaruva akakosha: mvura, mhepo ine simba, kana tembiricha yakaderera zvakanyanya zvinogona kudzivirira kubereka mbeu uye kuderedza kuwanda kwemichero.
Rudzi rweMuchero
Panyaya yemiti, "muchero" hauwanzo fanana nezvinorehwa nezvekubika. Maapuro nemapeya mapomes nekuti chikamu chinodyiwa chinobva munyama yeruva (hypanthium), nepo mbeu dziri mukati meovary. Mapeaches, mapurumu, nemacherries michero yematombo (drupes) ine endocarp yakaoma. Mazambiringa nemaorenji mabheri mupfungwa chaiyo yebotanical, nepo michero yecitrus ichinzi hesperidium, mhando dzakasiyana dzebheri dzine ganda gobvu uye masaga ejusi.
Zvinodiwa zvekusarara, kutonhora, uye kutonhora
Kugara kwenguva refu kwemaruva chinhu chakakosha pakurarama munguva yechando. Zvirimwa zvinoda kuunganidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze ekutonhora (nguva dzechando kana kuti chando) kuti zviparadze kugara kwenguva refu uye zvitange kukura zvakanaka mwaka unotevera. Pfungwa yekushanduka kwemaruva—kuda kwekukurudzira kutonhora kuti kutange kutumbuka—yakabatana zvakanyanya mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kunyange zvazvo mashandiro acho angasiyana.
Kunzwisisa zvinodiwa pakutonhodza kunobatsira varimi kusarudza mhando dzakakodzera. Mhando dzemaapuro dzinonzi "High chill" dzakakodzera nzvimbo dzine mwaka wechando wakanyanya, nepo mhando dzemaapuro dzinonzi "low chill" dzakagadzirwa kuti dzigorimwa munzvimbo dzinodziya, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzine hunyoro kana nzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Kugadziriswa Kwemuviri: Tembiricha, Chiedza, uye Mvura
Michero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa ine kutsungirira kwakasiyana-siyana kutonhora. Mimwe inogona kurarama tembiricha iri pasi pe zero, asi inogona kubatwa nechando panguva yekutumbuka. Kubuda kwemvura kunokanganisa kuumbwa kwemaruva, kukura kwemaruva, uye kuchinja kubva pakukura kwemiti kuenda pakubereka. Panguva iyi, kuwanikwa kwemvura kunokanganisa saizi yemichero, huwandu hweshuga, uye kunaka kweorganoleptic.
Mumichero yakawanda iri munzvimbo dzinopisa, chiyero pakati pekukura kwezvirimwa nekukura kwembeu chinofanira kuchengetedzwa. Nitrogen yakawandisa inogona kukurudzira kukura kwemashizha nemapfundo zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera maruva mashoma. Kushaikwa kwemvura panguva yekukura kwemichero kunogona kukonzera michero midiki, yakatsemuka, kana kudzikira kwemhando.
Kubereka uye Kubereka: Kubva paMbeu kusvika pakuisanganisa
Panyaya yemiti, michero inogona kupararira kuburikidza nembeu (kubva kumbeu) kana kuti nezvirimwa. Zvisinei, kupararira kwembeu kunowanzoita kuti pave nekusiyana kukuru uye kusawirirana kwehunhu hwemichero. Nokudaro, indasitiri yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa inovimba zvakanyanya nenzira dzekuparadzira michero dzakadai sekubatanidza, kuchekerera, kutumbuka, uye kutumbuka. Maitiro aya anochengetedza hunhu hwemhando yepamusoro (cultivar) uye anobvumira kusanganiswa nemidzi yakakodzera.
Kubereka michero munzvimbo dzinopisa kunotarisa pakudzivirira zvirwere, kugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinodiwa pakutonhora zvishoma, kunaka kwemhando yekuravira, uye kugara kwenguva refu. Maitiro aya anoda kunzwisisa majini, kubereka, uye kudyidzana kwezvirimwa nenzvimbo.
Zvipembenene, Zvirwere, uye Zvimwe Zvine chekuita neMiti paKudzivirira Miti
Michero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa inogona kubatwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvefungus, mabhakitiriya, uye mavhairasi. Panyaya yemiti, zvirimwa zvine nzira dzekudzivirira dzakadai semashizha emashizha, phenolic compounds, uye tissue hypersensitivity. Zvisinei, mukurima kwakasimba, kudzivirira zvipembenene hakuwanzo kukwana, zvichiita kuti pave nehurongwa hwakabatana hwekutarisira zvipembenene, kusanganisira kucheneswa kwemiti yemichero, mhando dzinotsungirira zvipembenene, uye kutonga pamusoro pedenga kudzivirira hunyoro hwakawanda.
Penutup
Kukura kwemiti yemichero iri munzvimbo dzinopisa kunosanganisira kudzidza kwakazara kwemaumbirwo emiti, mashandiro ayo, uye kuchinjika kune mamiriro ekunze ane nguva dzakasiyana dzekutonhora. Kubva pakuumbwa kwemidzi kusvika kurudzi rwemichero, kubva pakurara kwemabukira kusvika pakuita kuti ibereke, zvese zvakabatana uye zvinosarudza kugadzirwa kunobudirira. Nekunzwisisa misimboti iyi yemiti, kurimwa kwemichero munzvimbo dzinopisa kunogona kushanda zvakanaka, kuenderera mberi, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudiwa kwemusika. Pakupedzisira, miti haisi kungofungidzira chete; inopa hwaro hunoshanda hwekugadzira michero yemhando yepamusoro, inogara kwenguva refu kubva mwaka kusvika mwaka.
