Chimurenga cheFrance uye Kukanganisa Kwacho kuEurope
Chimurenga cheFrance, chakatanga muna 1789 ndokuenderera mberi kusvika kuma1790 ekupedzisira, chinowanzo ziviswa sechiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yeFrance neEurope. Chakaratidza kudzikira kweumambo hwakakwana uye kukwira kwedzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakasimba dzaisimbisa democracy, kuenzana, uye rusaruraganda. Mhedzisiro yeChimurenga cheFrance yakanga yakakura, ichipesvedzera kwete mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika chete asiwo tsika dzenzanga, maitiro ehupfumi, uye maonero etsika mukondinendi yese. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa zvakakonzera Chimurenga cheFrance, zviitiko zvikuru, uye kukanganisa kwacho kuEurope.
Zvikonzero zveChimurenga cheFrance
Chimurenga cheFrance chakakonzereswa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Marongerwo emagariro evanhu muFrance akanga asina kuenzana, akakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu akaomarara: vafundisi, machinda, nevanhuwo zvavo. Madunhu maviri ekutanga aiva neropafadzo huru, kusanganisira kusabhadhara mitero yakawanda, nepo vanhuwo zvavo vaitambura nemitero nevashandi. Pamwe chete neizvi paiva nedambudziko rehupfumi, rakaratidzwa negoho diki, mitengo yechingwa yakakwira zvakanyanya, uye kusashandiswa zvakanaka kwemari nehurumende. Mari yakawanda yakashandiswa naMambo Louis XVI nevakamutangira yakanga yaisa France muchikwereti chikuru, zvichiita kuti vanhu vasagutsikane.
Pfungwa dzekujekeswa dzakawedzera kukurudzira mafungiro echimurenga. Vafungi vakaita saVoltaire, Rousseau, naMontesquieu vakatsoropodza umambo hwevahedheni uye vakatsigira rusununguko, kuenzana, uye hukama. Pfungwa dzavo dzakakurudzira vanhu kusava nechokwadi nezvesimba retsika uye kufungidzira nzanga yakavakirwa pamitemo yedemocracy.
Zviitiko Zvikuru zveFrench Revolution
Chimurenga chakatanga nekukokwa kweEstates-General muna Chivabvu 1789, dare reparamende raimiririra matunhu matatu. Vagumbuka nekusava nesimba kwavo, vamiriri veThird Estate vakazviti ndivo National Assembly, vachipika kuumba bumbiro idzva remitemo. Kusateerera uku kwakaratidza kutanga kwezviitiko zvakawanda zvakachinja.
Imwe yenguva dzakakurumbira dzeChimurenga kwaive kurwiswa kweBastille musi wa14 Chikunguru, 1789. Kudonha kwejeri iri kwairatidza kubviswa kweudzvinyiriri uye kutsvaga kwevanhu rusununguko. Mushure meizvi, Dare reNyika rakatora Chiziviso cheKodzero dzeMunhu nedzeMugari, gwaro raizivisa misimboti yerusununguko, kuenzana, uye hukama hwehama.
Vapanduki vakakurumidza kusangana nematambudziko emukati nekunze. Kuedza kwaMambo Louis XVI kutiza muna 1791 uye kuurayiwa kwake muna 1793 kwakaratidza kupatsanurwa kukuru muFrance. Kutonga kweTerror (1793-1794), kwakatungamirirwa naJacobins vane chisimba pasi paMaximilien Robespierre, kwakaita kuti zviuru zvevanhu zviurayiwe uye hurumende yechimurenga iine simba guru.
Danho rekusagadzikana kweChimurenga rakapera nekumuka kwaNapoleon Bonaparte, uyo, muna 1799, akaita chimurenga ndokugadza Consulate, akazozvizivisa kuti ndiye Mambo muna 1804. Kunyangwe hutongi hwake hwakaratidza kuguma kwehurumende yechimurenga, Napoleon akaparadzira misimboti yechimurenga muEurope kuburikidza nekukunda kwake, achisiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki mukondinendi.
Kukanganisa kwakaitwa kuFrance
Chimurenga chakachinja zvikuru nzanga yeFrance nehutongi. Hurongwa hwehumambo hwakabviswa, uye kodzero dzevakuru vakuru nevafundisi dzakabviswa. Chimurenga chakasimudzira pfungwa yenzanga yakavakirwa pahunhu hwakanaka, kunyange zvazvo isina kushandiswa zvakakwana. Kugadziriswa kwematare kwakatangwa, uye Mutemo waNapoleonic, wakagadzwa muna 1804, wakaisa hwaro hwehurongwa hwemitemo yemazuva ano muFrance nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda.
Chimurenga ichi chakasimudzirawo pfungwa yekuziva rudzi uye chinangwa chevanhu vose vekuFrance, zvichiisa hwaro hwerudzi rwemazuva ano. Chinoisa muenzaniso wekuzvitonga kwevanhu uye pfungwa yekuti simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinobva kuvanhu kwete kusimba raMwari kana kuti umambo hwenhaka.
Impact kuEurope
Kudzokorora kweChimurenga cheFrance kwakapfuura miganhu yeFrance, kuchikanganisa kondinendi yese yeEurope. Nhaka yayo inoonekwa munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinotevera:
Kuchinja Kwezvematongerwo Enyika
Chimurenga cheFrance chakaparadzira pfungwa dzehutongi hwechiRepublican nedemocracy muEurope yese. Kunyange hazvo madzimambo akadzorerwa mushure mekukundwa kwaNapoleon muna 1815, simba rehurumende yekare rakanga radzikira zvisingadzoreki. Chimurenga ichi chakakurudzira mamwe mafambiro akawanda ekumukira, akadai sechimurenga chegore ra1848 chakapararira muEurope chikakonzera shanduko huru dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzemagariro evanhu.
Nyika zhinji dzemuEurope dzakatanga kugadzirisa mamiriro avo ezvematongerwo enyika, dzichisanganisira masangano evamiriri uye shanduko dzemutemo. Kunyangwe hurumende dzechinyakare dzaifanira kugadzirisa zvido zvevanhu vadzo, zvikaita kuti pave nemadzimambo akawanda ari mubumbiro remitemo uye nyika dziri kubuda.
Kuvandudzwa Kwemagariro Nezvehupfumi
Chimurenga cheFrance chakakonzera kuongororwazve kwehutongi hwevanhu pamwe netsika dzezvehupfumi. Kuparadzwa kwehurongwa hwehumambo muFrance kwakashanda semuenzaniso kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Kumuka kwenzanga yakavakirwa pahunhu hwakanaka, kunyangwe isina kukwana uye yakazara nekusawirirana, kwakakurudzira kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda pamwe nekuchinja kwehupfumi muEurope yese.
Shanduko dzezvehupfumi, dzakadai sekubviswa kwehudzvanyiriri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakakurudzirwa nepfungwa dzechimurenga. Kupararira kwemitemo yezvehupfumi yakasununguka, kusanganisira kodzero dzepfuma nemisika yakasununguka, kwakawana simba sezvo kusakwana kwehupfumi hwenyika yefeudal kwakava pachena.
Nationalism
Kusimbisa kweChimurenga pakuzivikanwa kwerudzi kwakabatsira pakuwedzera kwerudzi muEurope yese. Misangano yaNapoleon, kunyange zvazvo yaiwanzova yeumambo, yakaparadzirawo pfungwa dzechimurenga dzekuzvitonga. Vanhu vaitongwa vakatanga kuratidza chishuwo chavo chekuzvitonga nekuzvitonga, zvichigadzira nzira yekubatana muItaly neGermany gare gare muzana remakore rechi19.
Tsika Impact
Kukanganiswa kwetsika kweChimurenga cheFrance hakufanirwe kuderedzwa. Kwakatsigira tsika dzeChimurenga uye kwakaunza nguva yekubudirira kwepfungwa nehunyanzvi iyo yakapikisa tsika dzechinyakare. Rudo, sangano reunyanzvi nemabhuku raisimbisa kuzvimirira uye manzwiro, rakabuda zvishoma nekuda kwekushingaira kwechimurenga.
Uyezve, Chimurenga chakaisa tsika dzedemocracy, chichiputsa zvipingamupinyi zvedemocracy zvaimbochengetedza hunyanzvi huri mumaoko evapfumi. Mitambo yeruzhinji, hunyanzvi nemabhuku zvinova nyore kuwana, zvichikurudzira tsika yekutora chikamu pamwe chete uye kubatanidzwa kwevanhu.
mhedziso
Chimurenga cheFrance chaive chiitiko chakachinja chimiro cheFrance ndokusiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki kuEurope. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakawanda, ichipesvedzera mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika, marongerwo emagariro evanhu, marongerwo ehupfumi, uye tsika. Kunyange zvazvo Chimurenga chakatevera chakaratidzwa nekusagadzikana uye kudeuka kweropa, nhaka yaro yenguva refu inoonekwa mukuita kuti nzanga dzeEurope dzive dzedemocracy uye dzemazuva ano. Pfungwa dzerusununguko, kuenzana, uye hukama hwakakurudzira chimurenga ichi dziri kuramba dzichishanda, dzichitiyeuchidza nezvekutsvaga kukudzwa kwevanhu neruramisiro munharaunda.
