Pesvedzero yeRoma paMutemo weMazuva Ano neHutongi
Umambo hweRoma, hwaiva nesimba guru muEurope, Asia, neAfrica, hwakapesvedzera zvikuru tsika, zvivakwa, uye magariro emutemo emarudzi akazotevera. Pakati penhaka dzahwo dzinogara kwenguva refu pane mupiro wahwo kumutemo wemazuva ano nehutongi. Mutemo weRoma nenheyo dzehutungamiriri zvakazvibatanidza muhurongwa hwemitemo yemazuva ano uye maumbirwo ehurumende, zvichikurudzira nheyo dzehutongi dzakagara kwenguva refu.
Uzivi hweMutemo hweRoma uye Kunyorwa Kwemitemo
Chinhu chikuru chairatidza simba remutemo weRoma chiri mukunyora kwayo mitemo uye maitiro ayo akarongeka emutemo. VaRoma vakagadzira imwe yenzira dzemutemo dzakaoma kwazvo dzepasi rose rekare, dzakadzika midzi munheyo dzinoenderana nedzidziso dzemutemo dzemazuva ano. Chinhu chikuru pane izvi chaive pfungwa yeius civile (mutemo wevanhu), inoshanda kuvagari veRoma, uye ius gentium (mutemo wemarudzi), seti yemitemo yaishandiswa pakudyidzana pakati pevaRoma nevasiri vaRoma.
Matafura Gumi Neviri, akavambwa muna 450 BCE, ndiwo aive mumwe wemiedzo yekutanga yekugadzira bumbiro remitemo revanhu. Mitemo iyi yakanyorwa pamahwendefa ebhuronzi, inosvikika kuvanhu, ichiratidza pfungwa yekuti mutemo unofanira kuve wakajeka uye wakaenzana. Iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinosvikika kuvanhu vese ndiyo hwaro hwemitemo yemazuva ano, ichikurudzira kururamisira uye kuzvidavirira.
Chinhu chikuru chekuvandudzwa kwemutemo weRoma chakauya neCorpus Juris Civilis, kana kuti Justinian Code, yakaunganidzwa pasi pamambo weByzantine Justinian I muzana remakore rechitanhatu CE. Muunganidzwa uyu wemitemo netsananguro dzemutemo zvakaisa hwaro hwetsika dzemutemo wevanhu munyika zhinji dzemazuva ano dzeEurope. Inosanganisira misimboti yakaita sekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzepfuma, zvisungo zvechibvumirano, uye kodzero dzemunhu, dingindira rinoramba richitsigira hurongwa hwemitemo yemazuva ano.
Pfungwa yeMutemo wechisikigo neMitemo yeMutemo
VaRoma vakapawo pfungwa yemutemo wechisikigo (ius naturale), pfungwa yekuti dzimwe kodzero dzinowanikwa uye dzinowanikwa kune vese, dzinobva muzvisikwa kwete mumitemo yakagadzirwa nevanhu. Pfungwa iyi yakapesvedzera zvikuru vafungi veEnlightenment uye kukura kwemutemo webumbiro remitemo wemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, kodzero dzehupenyu, rusununguko, uye kutsvaga mufaro dzakanyorwa muUnited States Declaration of Independence zvichidzokorora chitendero cheRoma mumutemo wechisikigo.
Mutemo weRoma wakaunza misimboti yemutemo inokosha ichiri kushanda nanhasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira pacta sunt servanda (zvibvumirano zvinofanira kuchengetwa), hwaro hwemutemo wechibvumirano, uye asina mhosva kusvika aonekwa kuti ane mhosva, musimboti wehurongwa hwekutonga mhosva pasi rose. Pamusoro pezvo, vaRoma vaitonga mhosva (nyaya yatofungwa nezvayo), vachidzivirira kudzokororwa kwenyaya, nokudaro vachichengetedza kuguma kwenyaya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwematare.
Kuvandudzwa kweHurumende neHurumende
Kupfuura mipiro yepamutemo, maumbirwo ehutongi hweRoma uye hunyanzvi hwehutungamiriri zvakaumba zvakanyanya masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano. Hurumende yeRoma, yakatangira Humambo, yakaunza modhi yebumbiro remitemo yakasanganiswa ine zvinhu zvedemocracy, oligarchy, uye umambo. Kuenzana uku kwesimba kunovavarira kudzivirira chero chinhu chimwe chete kuti chisaunganidze kutonga kwakawandisa, zvichiratidza simba mumasisitimu emazuva ano ekuongorora nekuyera.
Hutongi hweRoman Republic hwaizivikanwa neSeneti, boka rine simba revanhu vane hunyanzvi, uye misangano yevanhu vanomiririra vaRomawo zvavo. Kunyange hazvo simba reSeneti raive rakakura, misangano yevanhu vakakurumbira yaibvumira kuti vagari vatore chikamu mune dzimwe nzira dzemitemo. Hurongwa uhwu huviri hunoratidza maitiro maviri ehurumende dzakawanda dzedemocracy dzemazuva ano, dzakadai seUnited States Congress, ine Senate neHouse of Representatives.
Pfungwa yevatongi muhutongi hweRoma, vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa kuti vaite mitemo uye vatungamirire mabasa eruzhinji, yakakurudzira mabasa ehutungamiriri hwemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, vamiriri veRoma, avo vaiva nesimba rehutungamiriri, vanogona kuonekwa sevanotangira vatungamiriri venyika kana vatungamiriri vehurumende vemazuva ano. Saizvozvowo, tsika yeRoma yekugadza vadzvinyiriri venguva pfupi munguva dzematambudziko inoratidza kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwemasimba enjodzi nemapurezidhendi kana magurukota ehurumende.
Mutemo weRoma Muhurongwa Hwemazuva Ano Hwemutemo
Simba remutemo weRoma rinodarika tsika dzemutemo wevanhu vekuEurope. Kugamuchirwa kwemutemo weRoma, unozivikanwawo seReception, kwaive chiitiko apo misimboti yemutemo weRoma yakawanikwazve uye yakabatanidzwa mumitemo yepamutemo yeEurope yepakati pezana remakore rechi12 nerechi13. Maitiro aya akagadzira hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwemitemo yemutemo wevanhu, yakapararira munyika dzakadai seFrance, Germany, neItaly. Napoleonic Code, shanduko huru yemutemo muFrance mushure mekuchinja, yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemutemo weRoma uye, zvakare, yakaumba masisitimu emitemo enyika dzakawanda muEurope neLatin America.
Munzvimbo dzine mitemo yakafanana neUnited Kingdom neUnited States, mutemo weRoma wakachinja pfungwa dzemutemo nemashoko, kunyangwe hazvo masisitimu aya achinyanya kugadzira mutemo kuburikidza nesarudzo dzematare. Semuenzaniso, musimboti wekuti stare decisis (kumira nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa), unonyanya kukosha kumutemo wakajairika, unoenderana netsika dzemutemo weRoma uko zvisarudzo zvekare zvinotungamira kutonga mune ramangwana. Uyezve, mazwi mazhinji emutemo nezvirevo zvinoshandiswa mumutemo wakajairika, akadai sehabeas corpus (uchava nemuviri) uye mens rea (pfungwa dzine mhosva), zvinobva muchiLatin.
Pesvedzero yeRoma paHutongi hweVanhu
Kushanda nesimba kwehutungamiriri hweRoma kwakasiyawo chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki pahutongi hwemazuva ano. VaRoma vakaratidza kugona kukuru kwekutonga nzvimbo dzakakura kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakaoma hwehurumende. Vakagadzira hurongwa hwematunhu, rimwe nerimwe richitongwa nevakuru vakagadzwa vaizvidavirira kuhurumende huru. Muenzaniso uyu wehutungamiriri hwakagoverwa, pamwe chete nekutarisira masimba makuru, unoonekwa mumasangano emazuva ano nenyika dzakabatana pasi rose.
Mainjiniya eRoma nevarongi vemaguta vakagadzira zvivakwa zvepamusoro, zvinosanganisira migwagwa, migero yemvura, nezvivakwa zveveruzhinji, zvichiita kuti kutaurirana nekutonga kubudirire muumambo hwese kuvepo. Kukosha kwenguva refu kwemapurojekiti aya ezvivakwa kunoratidza kunzwisisa kwevaRoma kukosha kwemabasa everuzhinji mukutonga, pfungwa inoramba ichibatsira marongero ehurumende yemazuva ano pakuronga maguta nehutungamiriri hweveruzhinji.
mhedziso
Nhaka inogara iripo yekupesvedzera kweRoma pamutemo wemazuva ano nehutongi inoonekwa mumisimboti, maumbirwo, uye mazwi anotsanangura masisitimu emutemo emazuva ano uye hurongwa hwehurumende. Kubva pakunyorwa kwemitemo kusvika kupfungwa yemutemo wechisikigo, uye kubva pamaitiro ekutonga kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemasisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika, hunyanzvi hweRoma hwakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki patsika dzemazuva ano.
Nekubatanidza misimboti yemutemo weRoma uye maumbirwo ehutongi, nzanga dzemazuva ano dzakagara nhaka hurongwa hwakasimba hunosimudzira kururamisira, kuzvidavirira, uye kutonga kwakanaka. Sezvo masisitimu emutemo nezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano achiramba achichinja, nhaka yeRoma inopa hwaro hwenhoroondo hunosimbisa kukosha kusingaperi kweizvi zvitsva zvekare. Kudzidza nekukoshesa mipiro yeRoma hakungopi ruzivo rwezvakapfuura chete asiwo kunotungamira kukura kuri kuenderera mberi kwemasangano emutemo nehurumende akanaka uye anoshanda.
