Musoro: Basa raMambokadzi Elizabeth I muNhoroondo yeChirungu
Mambokadzi Elizabeth I, anozivikanwa sa "Mhandara Mambokadzi," akatonga England kubva muna 1558 kusvika parufu rwake muna 1603. Makore ake makumi mana nemashanu ekutonga samambo anowanzonzi Elizabethan Era, nguva yegoridhe munhoroondo yeEngland yakaratidzwa nekubudirira kwakasimba kwehupfumi, kuvandudzwa kwetsika, uye kufambira mberi kwakakosha mumabasa ekutsvaga. Simba raElizabeth panhoroondo yeEngland rakakura, richipfuura nguva yake semutongi uye richisiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki panzira yenyika. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora basa rake rakawanda mukuumba nhoroondo yeEngland, kuongorora hunyanzvi hwake hwezvematongerwo enyika, maitiro echitendero, kutsigira tsika, uye mipiro mukutsvaga nekutengeserana mhiri kwemakungwa.
Unyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika nehutungamiriri
Kutonga kwaElizabeth zvine hungwaru mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakaonekwa kubva pazuva raakagara pachigaro. Achitora chinzvimbo kubva kuhanzvadzi yake yekwaamai, Mary I, uyo aive nekutonga kwakakanganiswa nekusawirirana mune zvechitendero uye kusagadzikana kwehupfumi, Elizabeth akatarisana nematambudziko ipapo ipapo. Kugona kwake kudzoreredza kugadzikana uye kusimudzira simba rehumambo kuburikidza nehutongi hwakanaka kuchiri chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvaakabudirira kuita.
Elizabeth aitonga dare rake nedare remakurukota neunyanzvi, akazvikomberedza nevapi vemazano vakachenjera uye vakatendeka vakaita saWilliam Cecil (akazova Ishe Burghley) naFrancis Walsingham. Vakuru ava vezvematongerwo enyika vakamupa mazano akakosha uye vakamubatsira kufamba mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo. Kugona kwake kudzikamisa mapoka uye kuchengetedza kuvimbika ndiko kwakakosha pakutonga kwake kwenguva refu uye kwakasimba.
Mitemo yechitendero
Kutonga kwaElizabeth kwakaratidzwa nekuchinja kukuru kwechitendero, izvo zvakava hwaro hwekuumbwa kweEngland yePurotesitendi. Paakakwira pachigaro cheumambo, akagara nhaka umambo hwakakamurwa zvikuru negakava rechitendero. Hanzvadzi yaElizabeth yeKaturike yakasimba Mary I yakanga yatambudza vaPurotesitendi, zvikaita kuti pave nekusagadzikana kukuru.
Elizabeth akasuma nenzira inoshanda Dare reChitendero raElizabethan, iro raida kuti pave nepakati pakati peCatholicism neProtestantism. Mutemo weSupremacy (1559) wakasimbisazve mambo semusoro mukuru weChechi yeEngland, ukuwo Mutemo weUniformity (1559) wakaronga hurongwa hwemunamato hunofanira kushandiswa muBhuku reChirungu reMunamato Wakajairika. Mabasa aya akabatsira kusimbisa Chitendero chePurotesitendi muEngland uku achitsvaga kugamuchira ruzhinji rwevanhu vaaitonga, nokudaro zvichikurudzira kubatana kukuru kwechitendero.
Tsika dzekutsigira uye Kuvandudzwa kweElizabeth
Kutonga kwaElizabeth I kwakabatana nekukura kwetsika dzeChirungu uye kunowanzoonekwa sekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi nemabhuku. Kutsigira kwake hunyanzvi uye nguva yerunyararo yekutonga kwake zvakabvumira matarenda ekugadzira kuti abudirire. Mambokadzi pachake aive akadzidza zvakanaka uye aikoshesa mabhuku, mimhanzi, uye mitambo, zvichigadzira hupfumi hwetsika nehunyanzvi.
Munguva yaElizabethan, mabasa enyanzvi dzemabhuku dzakadai saWilliam Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, naEdmund Spenser akaonekwa. Shakespeare, kunyanya, akaratidza kuoma kwemamiriro evanhu mumitambo yake, mizhinji yacho yakaitwa paGlobe Theater kune vateereri vaisanganisira nhengo dzedare raElizabeth. Munguva iyi yakaonawo kuwedzera kwemimhanzi, nevanyori venziyo vakaita saWilliam Byrd naThomas Tallis vachipa mipiro yakakosha kumimhanzi yekwaya yeChirungu.
Muunyanzvi nekuvaka, maitiro eElizabethan akatanga kubuda, achiratidzwa nemagadzirirwo akaomarara uye akaomesesa airatidza kubudirira nekuvimba kwenguva iyoyo. Simba ramambokadzi nekukurudzira kwake zvakaita basa guru mukusimba kwehupenyu hwetsika dzeChirungu.
Mhedzisiro paHukama Hwenyika Dzepasi Pose neKutsvaga
Mambokadzi Elizabeth I akaita basa guru mukuwedzera ruzivo rweEngland nekugadzirira nhandare yeramangwana rayo senyika ine simba pasi rose. Nguva yake yakaratidza kutanga kwekutsvaga kweEngland nekutanga kwekutengeserana kwekunze kwenyika, zvichiwedzera simba reEngland pasi rose.
Chimwe chezvaakaita zvakakosha kwaive kutsigirwa nevaongorori vakaita saSir Francis Drake naSir Walter Raleigh. Kufamba kwaDrake pasi rose kubva muna 1577 kusvika 1580 hakuna kungounza pfuma neruzivo kuEngland chete asiwo kwakaita kuti nyika ive simba guru rehondo. Saizvozvowo, nzendo dzaRaleigh dzakaita kuti kuyedze kuumbwa kwemakoloni muNyika Itsva, kusanganisira Roanoke Colony yakanga yawirwa nenjodzi. Mapurojekiti aya akagadzira hwaro hwekuwedzera kweEngland uye kugadzwa kweUmambo hweBritain.
Uyezve, hunyanzvi hwaElizabeth mune zvematongerwo enyika hwakaonekwa mukubata kwake hukama nedzimwe nyika dzemuEurope. Kukundwa kweSpanish Armada muna 1588 kunomiririra imwe yenguva dzake dzakanyanya kukunda. Kunyangwe hazvo dzaive shoma, mauto emugungwa eEngland, achibatsirwa neruzivo rwemberi uye nzira itsva, akakunda ngarava dzeSpain, achichengetedza chinzvimbo cheEngland sesimba remugungwa uye achideredza simba reSpain muEurope.
Nhaka uye Mhedziso
Nhaka yaMambokadzi Elizabeth I yakasimbiswa zvikuru munhoroondo yeEngland. Kutonga kwake hakuna kungopa kugadzikana nekubudirira chete asiwo kwakasimudzira nzvimbo iyo hunyanzvi, tsika, uye kutsvakurudza zvaigona kubudirira. Kuedza kwake kusimbisa kubvumirana mune zvechitendero, kuwedzera kuvapo kwake pasi rose, uye kutsigira kukura kwetsika kwaive hwaro hwebudiriro yeEngland.
Zita raElizabeth rekuti "Mhandara Mambokadzi" uye chisarudzo chake chekuramba asina kuroorwa zvakamubvumira kudzivirira kupinda mune zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvingadai zvakakonzereswa nemuchato wekune imwe nyika kana wemumba, zvichimuvimbisa simba rake rega uye simba rake paumambo hwake. Kutonga kwake kunowanzoonekwa senguva yehukuru nekudada kwenyika, ngano dzakasimbiswa nevanyori nevanyori venhoroondo mumazana emakore akatevera.
Muchidimbu, basa raMambokadzi Elizabeth I munhoroondo yeChirungu rinodarika mukurumbira wake saMambokadzi Mhandara. Aive wezvematongerwo enyika akangwara, mutsigiri wehunyanzvi, mutungamiri wemauto ane simba, uye aikurudzira kutsvaga nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Kuburikidza nehutungamiriri hwake nepfungwa dzake, akabatsira kushandura England kubva kuhumambo hwakakamurwa kuita simba renyika riri kukura, achiisa muenzaniso kumadzimambo emangwana uye achisiya nhaka ichiri kupembererwa uye kudzidzwa kusvika nanhasi.
