Nguva yeMeiji nekuvandudzwa kweJapan
Nguva yeMeiji, kubva muna 1868 kusvika 1912, inoratidza nguva inokosha munhoroondo yeJapan. Yakatumidzwa zita raMambo Meiji, uyo kutonga kwake kwairatidza kujekeswa uye shanduko inofambira mberi, nguva iyi yakaona kushanduka kweJapan kubva munharaunda yefeudal kuenda kunyika yemazuva ano yeindasitiri. Kuedza kwekuvandudza hupfumi munguva iyi kwakaunza shanduko huru dzezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvemagariro evanhu dzakachinja zvikuru mamiriro eJapan ndokuiisa munzira yekuva simba guru repasi rose.
Mavambo uye Kutanga
Tisati taongorora mamiriro ekuvandudzwa kweMeiji, zvakakosha kunzwisisa mamiriro eJapan nguva iyi isati yasvika. Nyika iyi yaive pasi pehutongi hweTokugawa shogunate, nguva yaizivikanwa nehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, mitemo yekuzviparadzanisa (sakoku), uye hupfumi hwaive hwakanyanya kurima. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, kuzviparadzanisa kweJapan kwakabatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemukati asi zvakare kwakaisiya yakaderera muhunyanzvi hwetekinoroji nehondo kumasimba ekuMadokero.
Kusvika kwaCommodore Matthew Perry wekuUnited States muna 1853, achida kuti zviteshi zveJapan zvivhurwe kuti zvitengeserwe neAmerica, kwakava chinhu chakamutsa pfungwa. Zvibvumirano zveShogunate nenyika dzekuMadokero, zvaionekwa sezvinyadziso, zvakaratidza kudiwa kukuru kwekuti Japan igadzirise zvinhu kuti isatorwe nenyika. Kumanikidzwa uku kwakaguma neHondo yeBoshin (1868-1869), hondo yevagari vemo yakakonzera kupidigurwa kweshogunate weTokugawa uye kudzorerwa kwesimba ramambo, zvichigadzira nzira yeMeiji Restoration.
Kuchinja Kwezvematongerwo Enyika
Kudzorerwa kweMeiji kwaisangova kungochinjana simba chete asi kwaive kushandurwa kwakazara kwezvirongwa zvematongerwo enyika zveJapan. Vatungamiriri vatsva, vazhinji vavo vaive maSamurai vechidiki vaibva kunzvimbo dzakadai saSatsuma, Choshu, Tosa, naHizen, vaida kugadzira nyika yemazuva ano. Vakatanga shanduko dzakawanda dzakakosha:
1. Kubviswa kweSisitimu yeFeudal: Muna 1871, hutongi hweHan (hutongi hwefeudal) hwakabviswa ndokutsiviwa nesisitimu yemadunhu (ken), ayo aitungamirirwa zvakananga nehurumende yepakati. Kubviswa uku kwechimiro chefeudal kwakakosha mukugadzira nyika imwe chete.
2. Kuvandudzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Pakazosvika 1889, Japan yakagamuchira Bumbiro reMitemo reMeiji, iro rakagadzira humambo hwepamutemo nemutemo wehurumende une matunhu maviri, unozivikanwa seImperial Diet. Kunyangwe mambo akaramba aine simba guru, bumbiro remitemo rakaisa hwaro hwekuchinja kwemaitiro edemocracy muJapan.
3. Kugadziriswa Kwemitemo: Hurumende yeMeiji yakagadzirisa hurongwa hwemitemo hwakavakirwa pamhando dzekuMadokero, ichibatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumitemo yeGerman, French, neBritain. Kugadziriswa kwemutemo uku kwakakosha mukuedza kweJapan kwekuremekedzana nekuenzana muhukama hwenyika dzese.
Kuchinja Kweupfumi
Mamiriro ehupfumi hweJapan akachinja zvikuru sezvo yakatanga maindasitiri nekukurumidza:
1. Kugadziriswa kwezvekurima: Hurumende yakagadzirisazve muridzi wevhu, ichiita shanduko yemitero yevhu ya1873. Sisitimu iyi haina kungowedzera mari yehurumende chete asiwo yakakurudzira kubereka kwevarimi, nokudaro ichitsigira kuvandudzwa kwekurima.
2. Kuvandudza Maindasitiri: Nyika yeMeiji yakaisa pamberi kukura kwemaindasitiri. Ichitevedzera tsika dzekuMadokero, Japan yakagadzira mafekitori emhando dzehurumende muzvikamu zvakaita semachira, kuvaka ngarava, nezvombo. Maindasitiri aya akazopihwa makambani ega kuti akurudzire mabhizinesi ega. Hurumende yakaisawo mari yakawanda mukuvaka zvivakwa, zvakaita senjanji netambo dzefoni, zvichiita kuti maindasitiri akure uye akwanise kubatana.
3. Kuumbwa kweZaibatsu: Makambani makuru anozivikanwa sezaibatsu, akadai seMitsui, Mitsubishi, naSumitomo, akabuda, achiita basa rakakosha mukukura kwemaindasitiri nehupfumi muJapan. Masangano aya aitungamirirwa nemhuri akava madzimambo ane simba ehupfumi, chinhu chikuru mukuvandudzwa kweJapan nekukurumidza.
Kuchinja Kwemagariro Evanhu Netsika
Nekuvandudzwa kwazvino kwakauya shanduko huru munharaunda:
1. Dzidzo: Vachinzwisisa kukosha kwedzidzo mukuvaka nyika, vatungamiriri veMeiji vakatanga dzidzo yepuraimari inosungirwa muna 1872. Mutemo uyu hauna kungonangana nekuverenga nekunyora chete asiwo wakadzidzisa pfungwa yerudzi. Masangano edzidzo yepamusoro akaita seTokyo University akavambwa kuti asimudzire hunyanzvi neruzivo munyika yese.
2. Kugadziriswa kweMasoja: Uto remazuva ano, rine magwaro, rakatsiva mauto eSamurai. Mutemo wekunyoresa vanhu muchiuto wa1873 waida kuti vagari vese vechirume vashande, uchibvumira basa remauto kuita zvechiuto uye uchivimbisa kuti Japan ine simba guru. Kugona uku kwemauto emazuva ano kwakakosha mukubudirira kwemauto eJapan kwakazotevera, kusanganisira hondo dzeSino-Japan neRussia-Japan.
3. Kuchinja Tsika Dzekumadokero: Sechikamu chemaitiro ayo ekuvandudza tsika, Japan yakatora tsika dzakawanda dzekumadokero. Mapfekero ekuMadokero, maitiro ekuvaka, uye kunyange maitiro ekarenda zvakabatanidzwa munharaunda yeJapan. Zvisinei, pesvedzero iyi yekuMadokero yakanga isiri yekugamuchirwa zvachose; tsika dzekuJapan dzakachinja-chinja, dzichisanganisa zvinhu zvechinyakare nezvemazuva ano.
Hukama Hwenyika Dzese uye Zvido zveUmambo
Japan payaichinja-chinja, yakaedzawo kugadzirisa zvibvumirano zvisina kuenzana zvakaiswa nemasimba ekuMadokero. Nekuratidza kufambira mberi kwayo, Japan yakadzokorora zvibvumirano izvi, ikawana zvibvumirano zvakanaka. Kuchinja-chinja kwakamutsawo zvishuwo zvehumambo, zvichiita kuti Japan iwedzere simba rayo kuEast Asia. Kukunda muHondo yeSino-Japanese (1894-1895) uye Hondo yeRusso-Japan (1904-1905) kwaive humbowo hwesimba idzva reJapan, zvichiita kuti rizivikanwe sesimba guru repasi rose.
Nhaka yeMeiji Era
Nguva yeMeiji ndiyo yakamisa hwaro hweJapan yanhasi. Yaiva nguva yekutsvaga ruzivo, kugadzirisa, uye hunyanzvi. Nzira yakarongeka uye ine hungwaru yekuvandudza zvinhu yakabvumira Japan kuti ibve munharaunda yehumambo yakaparadzana ichienda kunyika ine makwikwi munguva pfupi.
Kunyange zvazvo nguva iyi yakapa Japan mukana wekuva nesimba guru pasi rose, yakagadzirawo hwaro hwematambudziko nemakakatanwa ezana remakore rechi20. Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakaunza kusagadzikana kwevanhu uye kusagadzikana kwevashandi, uye zvishuwo zvehumambo hweJapan zvakaratidza kuwedzera kwayo kwemauto kwakatungamira kuHondo Yenyika II.
Mukupedzisa, Nguva yeMeiji yakachinja, ichiratidzwa nekudyidzana kwakasimba kwetsika nemazuva ano. Nhaka yenguva iyi inoratidzwa nekuenderera mberi kweJapan mukuenzana kwenhaka yetsika nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji nehupfumi, zvichiratidza kusimba uye kugona kuchinja kwevanhu vayo.
