Nhanganyaya kuNhoroondo yeTarumanagara Kingdom
Umambo hweTarumanagara hunomira seimwe yenyika dzekare dzakakosha munhoroondo yezvino yava kunzi Indonesia. Nyaya yahwo yakabatanidzwa musanganiswa weuchapupu hwekuchera matongo, zvakanyorwa kare, uye zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare. Humambo uhwu hwakakura pakati pezana remakore rechina nerechinomwe CE uye hwakaita basa guru mukusimudzira zvematongerwo enyika netsika zvekutanga zveIndonesia.
Kutanga Kwekutanga uye Simba rePasi Pose
Umambo hweTarumanagara hwaiva panzvimbo yakanaka pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweWest Java, uko mapani akaorera aigadzira nzvimbo yakanaka yekuchengetedza nekukura. Nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro pedyo nemhenderekedzo nenzizi huru dzaibatsira kutengeserana nematunhu ari pedyo uye kunyange kusvika kuIndia neChina. Zita rekuti 'Tarumanagara' ringangodaro richibva kuRwizi rweTarum (rwava kuzivikanwa seRwizi rweCitarum) rwaingova nemvura chete asi rwaishandawo senzira yakakosha yekutengeserana nekutaurirana.
Zvinyorwa Zvenhoroondo Nezvakanyorwa
Ruzivo rwedu rukuru nezveUmambo hweTarumanagara runobva muzvinyorwa zvekare uye zvinyorwa zvinobva kunyika dziri pedyo. Zvinyorwa izvi, zvakavezwa nematombo, zvakanyorwa muchiSanskrit uye zvinoshandisa manyorero ePallava, zvichiratidza hukama hwakasimba hwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika neIndian subcontinent. Zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pazvinyorwa izvi zvakanyorwa zvinomwe zvinonzi zvakanyorwa naMambo Purnawarman, anowanzo rumbidzwa semambo akakurumbira weTarumanagara.
Imwe yezvinyorwa zvekare zveumambo inowanikwa muchinyorwa cheChinese, Bhuku reRwiyo (rakanyorwa muzana remakore rechi5 CE). Rugwaro rwacho runotaura nezvemabasa ekureurura akatumirwa neumambo hweHo-ling (Java) kumhuri yeLiu Song yeChina uye runonyora kutaurwa kwekutanga kunozivikanwa kweTarumanagara (inozivikanwa muzvinyorwa zveChinese seTo-lo-ma) munhoroondo yeSoutheast Asia.
Kutonga kwaMambo Purnawarman
Mambo Purnawarman, akatonga muzana remakore rechishanu CE, ndiye mutongi ane mukurumbira weTarumanagara. Mabasa ake nemabasa ake zvakanyorwa zvakanyanya muzvinyorwa zvinowanikwa muWest Java yese. Pakati pazvo, zvakanyorwa zveCiaruteun, Kebon Kopi, Jambu, naTugu zvinonyanya kukosha.
1. Chinyorwa cheCiaruteun: Chinowanikwa pedyo neRwizi rweCiaruteun, chinyorwa ichi chine tsananguro kuna Vishnu uye chitsiko chinoratidza hukuru hwaPurnawarman nekodzero yaMwari yekutonga. Chiratidzo chetsoka chakakosha sezvo chinobatanidzawo netsika dzeIndia uko zviratidzo zvakadaro zvaimiririra simba raMwari remadzimambo.
2. Kebon Kopi Inscription: Inozivikanwawo seNzou Footprint Inscription, chinhu ichi chinobatanidza tsoka dzaPurnawarman nedzenzou, zvichida zvichiratidza simba, zvine chekuita naAiravata, nzou inoyera mungano dzechiHindu.
3. Chinyorwa chaJambu: Chiri pedyo nekwakabva Rwizi rweCiaruteun, chinyorwa ichi hachingorumbidzi chete hunyanzvi hwaPurnawarman hwehondo asiwo chinopa ruzivo nezvemabasa ezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi hweumambo.
4. Tugu Inscription: Zvichida inonyanya kujekesa, Tugu Inscription inotaura nezvemapurojekiti ekugadzira mahydraulic pasi pehutongi hwaPurnawarman, kureva kuvakwa kwemigero yakaita seGomati neCandrabhaga, ichiratidza kufambira mberi kwehumambo mukurima nekutarisira mvura.
Tsika neZvitendero
Umambo hweTarumanagara hunomiririra muenzaniso wekutanga wepesvedzero yeHindu-Buddhist muIndonesian Archipelago. Hinduism yainyanya kupararira muhurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, masangano ezvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika dzeumambo. Simba iri reIndic rinoonekwa muzvinyorwa zvechitendero zvinotaura nezvevanamwari vakaita saVishnu naShiva, uye mukushandiswa kweSanskrit, mutauro wechitendero weHinduism neBuddhism, pamitemo yeumambo.
Umambo hweTarumanagara hwakaitawo basa guru mukupararira kwetsika dzechiHindu nedzechiBuddha munharaunda yese. Sezvo kutengeserana kwaikura pamwe chete neumambo hweIndia hwepasi pemakondinendi, ndizvo zvakaitawo kuchinjana kwetsika nechitendero, zvichiunza uzivi, mazano ekutonga, tsika dzekunyora, uye hunyanzvi kuSoutheast Asia.
Kubudirira Kwehupfumi uye Kutengeserana
Kubudirira kweumambo kwakasimbiswa zvikuru nenzvimbo yahwo yekutengeserana. Seumambo hwemahombekombe, Tarumanagara yakava nzvimbo huru munzira dzekutengeserana dzegungwa dzinobatanidza nyika dzekumadokero, kuburikidza neIndian subcontinent, neEast Asia. Zvinhu zvakaita sezvinonhuwira, resin, nesimbi dzinokosha zvingangodaro zvaitsinhaniswa, zvichipa hupfumi hweumambo uye mukurumbira wahwo muhupfumi hwedunhu.
Kuedza kwaPurnawarman kuvandudza goho rekurima kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo akaomarara emigero kunowedzera kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwehupfumi hweumambo. Mapurojekiti aya haana kungobatsira kudiridza chete asi angangodaro akabatsirawo mukudzora mafashamo, nokudaro achiwedzera ivhu rekurima uye kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwechikafu kutsigira huwandu hwevanhu huri kukura.
Decline and Legacy
Kudzikira kweHumambo hweTarumanagara muzana remakore rechinomwe CE kwakafukidzwa nekusanzwisisika kwenhoroondo, asi kazhinji kunokonzerwa nekumuka kwemamwe masangano ane simba edunhu uye kuchinja kwekutengeserana. Kubatanidzwa kweumambo muHumambo hweSrivijaya huri kubuda kunoratidza kuguma kwehutongi hwahwo hwezvematongerwo enyika asi kwete simba rahwo.
Nhaka yeTarumanagara inogara iri mundangariro pamwe chete nenhaka yetsika yeIndonesia. Inoisa mavambo ekutanga ezvematongerwo enyika eIndonesia anotevera, zvese maererano nehunyanzvi hwehurumende uye hunhu hwetsika. West Java yemazuva ano ichiri nezviratidzo zvakawanda zvenhoroondo yeTarumanagara, nenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo nezvigadzirwa zvekare zvichiri kukwezva kufarira kwenyanzvi nekushanya.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yeTarumanagara Kingdom inopa mukana unonakidza wekubudirira kwevanhu vekuIndonesia. Kubva panzvimbo yayo ine hunyanzvi uye zvivakwa zvinoshamisa zvemvura kusvika pakuchinjana kwayo tsika nemagariro uye nhaka inogara kwenguva refu, Tarumanagara inoratidza nguva inonakidza yehunyanzvi hwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika. Sezvo tsvakurudzo ichienderera mberi, kunzwisisa kwedu humambo hwekare uhwu pasina mubvunzo kuchakura, zvichipa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenhoroondo yekutanga yeSoutheast Asia.
