Nhoroondo yeUranda muUnited States
Uranda muUnited States hwakatanga kare kare muzana remakore rechi17 uye chikamu chisingakanganwiki chenhoroondo yenyika. Kubva pakuumbwa kwayo kusvika pakubviswa kwayo zvachose, nhaka yeuranda yakasiya simba risingaperi panzanga yeAmerica, zvematongerwo enyika, netsika. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa mavambo, shanduko, uye kuguma kweuranda muUnited States, chichiongorora zvinhu zvakaoma nevanhu vanobatanidzwa muchikamu chino chinonetsa zvikuru chenhoroondo yeAmerica.
Mavambo Euranda muAmerica
Kutangwa kweuranda muUnited States kwakatanga nekusvika kwevaranda vemuAfrica muJamestown, Virginia, muna 1619. Vanhu ava vakatorwa nechisimba kubva kunyika yavo ndokutengeswa muhupenyu hweuranda. Pakutanga, vaibatwa zvakafanana nevashandi vakanyoreswa chibvumirano, avo vaishanda kwenguva yakatarwa vasati vawana rusununguko. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, mitemo yakatanga kuchinja, ichinyora uranda semamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu hwese, enhaka zvichibva parudzi.
Kudiwa kwevashandi muminda yefodya yeChesapeake uye minda yemupunga neyeindigo yeCarolinas kwakakurudzira kukura kwekutengeserana kwevaranda kwetransatlantic. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi18, uranda hwakanga hwava hwaro hwehupfumi hwekumaodzanyemba, nemamiriyoni evaAfrica vakatapwa nekutakurwa vachiyambuka Atlantic pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma anozivikanwa seMiddle Passage.
Kukura uye Kusimba kweUranda
Sezvo kudiwa kwevashandi pamwe nekuwana purofiti yezvirimwa zvakaita sedonje zvakawedzera, kuzara kweuranda kwakawedzerawo. Pakazosvika nguva yeChimurenga cheAmerica, uranda hwakanga hwadzika midzi munyika dzekumaodzanyemba, kunyangwe hwaivapo mumakoloni ese gumi nematatu. Nguva yeHondo yeChimurenga yakaona shanduko mumaonero euranda, zvichikonzerwa nepfungwa dzeKujekeswa uye kupesana kuripo pakati perudzi rwunorwira rusununguko uku ruchiita vamwe varanda. Nyika dzekumaodzanyemba dzakatanga kupasisa mitemo yekusunungurwa zvishoma nezvishoma, ukuwo uranda hwakaramba hwakasimba kuSouth.
Kugadzirwa kwedonje gin muna 1793 naEli Whitney kwakasimbisa purofiti yesangano iri. Donje rakava chinhu chikuru muhupfumi hweSouthern, uye pakazosvika 1860, dunhu iri raiburitsa donje rinosvika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu pasi rose. Kubudirira kwehupfumi uku kwakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakatapwa, uko kwakanga kwakura kusvika vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni mana pakupera kweHondo yeVanhu.
Gakava rezvematongerwo enyika neremagariro evanhu
Kuwedzera kweuranda kwakava nyaya inokakavadzana mune zvematongerwo enyika muAmerica, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kwakawanda uye kubvumirana. Missouri Compromise ya1820 yakaedza kuchengetedza kuenzana pakati penyika dzakasununguka nedzevaranda, ichibvumira Missouri kupinda muUnion senyika yevaranda uye Maine senyika yakasununguka uku ichirambidza uranda mune imwe nzvimbo yeLouisiana Purchase kuchamhembe kwemutsetse we36°30′ latitude. Zvisinei, sezvo nyika yakawedzera kumadokero, mubvunzo wekuti nzvimbo itsva dzaizobvumidza uranda wakamutsiridza kusawirirana kwezvikamu.
Kubvumirana kwa1850 neKansas-Nebraska Act ya1854 zvakawedzera kupatsanurana. Kansas-Nebraska Act, kunyanya, yaibvumira vagari venzvimbo idzodzo kuti vazvisarudzire vega kana vaizobvumira uranda, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kwakapararira kunozivikanwa se "Bleeding Kansas." Chisarudzo chaDred Scott cha1857 neDare Repamusorosoro, icho chakazivisa kuti vanhu vatema vekuAmerica vakanga vasiri vagari uye vakanga vasina kodzero, chakawedzera kupatsanurana uku.
Sangano reAbolitionist
Kupikisa uranda kwakawedzera kusimba kuChamhembe, zvichikonzerwa nenharo dzetsika, dzezvehupfumi, uye dzezvematongerwo enyika. Vatungamiriri vezvitendero zvekubvisa hurumende vakaita saFrederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, naWilliam Lloyd Garrison vakava vanhu vakakurumbira vaipikisa sangano iri. Mabhuku akadai se "The Liberator" raGarrison uye "Uncle Tom's Cabin" raHarriet Beecher Stowe akakurudzira mafungiro everuzhinji.
Njanji yePasi pevhu, network yenzira dzepachivande nedzimba dzakachengeteka, yakabatsira zviuru zvevanhu vakatapwa kutiza vachienda kumatunhu akasununguka neCanada. Vanhu vakaita saTubman, anowanzonzi "Mosesi" wevanhu vake, vakaisa hupenyu hwavo panjodzi kuti vatungamirire vamwe kurusununguko. Bato reRepublican Party rakawana simba rezvematongerwo enyika nekuumbwa kwebato reRepublican muma1850, iro raipikisa kupararira kweuranda munzvimbo itsva.
Hondo Yevagari Vemo uye Kusunungurwa
Kusarudzwa kwaAbraham Lincoln muna 1860 pachikuva chekurwisa uranda kwakava dambudziko rekupedzisira kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba, zvichikonzera kuzviparadzanisa kwavo nekuumbwa kweConfederate States of America. Hondo yeVanhu, iyo yakatanga muna 1861, yakatanga kurwiwa pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kweUnion pane kubviswa kweuranda. Zvisinei, sezvo hondo yaifambira mberi, zvinodiwa zvetsika nezvematongerwo enyika zvakava zvisingaparadzaniswi.
Muna 1863, Mutungamiri Lincoln akaburitsa Chiziviso cheKusunungurwa, achizivisa rusununguko rwevaranda vese munzvimbo dzaitongwa neConfederate. Kunyange zvazvo chisina kusunungura vanhu vese vari varanda ipapo ipapo, chakachinja zvachose hunhu hwehondo uye chakaita kuti kugumisa kuitwe chinangwa chikuru chekuedza kweUnion.
Kukunda kweUnion muna 1865 kwakaita kuti pave neChinjo yechi13 kuBumbiro reMitemo reUS, iro rakabvisa uranda munyika yese. Munguva yekuvakazve yakatevera, pakava nekuedza kubatanidza vanhu vaimbova varanda munharaunda yeAmerica, kunyangwe paine kuramba kukuru uye zvipingamupinyi.
Nhaka yeUranda
Kuguma kweuranda hwepamutemo hakuna kureva kuguma kwemigumisiro yahwo. Nguva yakatevera Kuvakazve kwakaratidzwa nekumuka kwemitemo yaJim Crow kumaodzanyemba, iyo yaimanikidza rusaruraganda uye kushaisa kodzero dzekushanda muAfrican American. Nzira dzekurima minda pamwe chete nedzekurenda vasungwa dzakabuda, zvichiita kuti vazhinji veAfrican American varambe vari mumamiriro ezvinhu ari pedyo neuranda.
Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kwakaramba kuripo kusvika muzana remakore rechi20, zvichiratidzwa nezviitiko zvakakosha zvakaita seCivil Rights Movement yema1950 nema1960. Vanhu vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr. naMalcolm X vakava chinhu chikuru mukurwisa kusaruramisira kwerudzi, vachivakira panhaka yekuedza kwakamboitwa nevanoda kubvisa kodzero dzevanhu.
Nhasi uno, nhoroondo yeuranda muUnited States inozivikanwa sechikamu chikuru uye chinosuwisa chenhoroondo yeAmerica. Zviyeuchidzo, mamiziyamu, uye mapurogiramu edzidzo zvinovavarira kuchengetedza nhoroondo iyi uye kubvuma kukanganisa kwayo kusingaperi munharaunda yanhasi. Nhaka yeuranda inoramba ichipesvedzera hurukuro pamusoro perudzi, kusaenzana, uye kururamisira muUnited States, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekurangarira nekunzwisisa chitsauko chino chine rima kuti uvake ramangwana rakaenzana.
