Kubudirira kwechiHindu muSouth Asia
ChiHindu, chinowanzoonekwa sechitendero chekare kupfuura zvimwe zvese pasi rose, chine nhoroondo yakapfuma uye yakaoma inobatanidza nekukura kwetsika, magariro, uye zvematongerwo enyika kweSouth Asia. Kushanduka kwechiHindu kwezviuru zvemakore kunoratidza kubatanidzwa kwezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, tsika, uye zvikoro zveuzivi, zvichiratidza hunhu hwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzeSouth Asia. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora matanho akakosha mukukura kwechiHindu, kubva pamidzi yaro yekare kusvika pakuratidzwa kwaro kwemazuva ano.
Mavambo Ekare Nenguva yeVedic
Kwakatangira chiHindu kunogona kuteverwa kudzokera kuIndus Valley Civilization (munenge muna 3300–1300 BCE), uko zvakawanikwa mumatongo zvinoratidza kunamata vamwari nevamwarikadzi vekare vechiHindu. Zvisinei, chikamu chekutanga chakakosha mukukura kwechiHindu iVedic Period (munenge muna 1500–500 BCE). Munguva iyi, maIndo-Aryan akatamira kuIndia, achiuya netsika yakapfuma yemuromo yakanyorwa mumaVedas—nziyo dzechitendero dzakanyorwa zvakasimba uye magwaro anoumba hwaro hwezvitendero zvechiHindu.
MaVeda mana—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, naAtharvaveda—anopa dzidziso yakaoma yakavakirwa paboka revamwari vane chekuita nemasimba echisikigo, kusanganisira Indra (mwari wekutinhira), Agni (mwari wemoto), naVaruna (mwari wehurongwa hwezvinhu zvose). Magwaro aya anotsanangurawo tsika dzekare uye anosimbisa kukosha kwezvibayiro (Yajnas) zvinoitwa nevapristi (Brahmins) senzira yekuchengetedza hurongwa hwezvinhu zvose (Rta).
Nguva dzeUpanishadic neEpic
Pakazosvika makore ekuma800 BCE, maUpanishad akatanga kubuda, achimiririra kushanduka kukuru kwepfungwa nemweya mukati meHinduism. Zvinyorwa izvi zvinonyatsoongorora mibvunzo yekufungidzira uye zvinochinja pfungwa kubva patsika dzetsika kuenda pakuongorora pfungwa dzepfungwa. Chinhu chikuru chinotarisirwa nemaUpanishad kunzwisisa hunhu hwechokwadi (Brahman) uye iye pachake (Atman), zvichiguma nepfungwa yekuti kuona kubatana kwaAtman naBrahman ndiyo nzira yekusunungurwa (Moksha) kubva pakutenderera kwekuzvarwa nekuzvarwa patsva (Samsara).
Zvichienderana nekufambira mberi kwehuzivi, Nguva yeEpic (inenge 500 BCE–500 CE) yakaona kuumbwa kwezvinyorwa zvikuru zvakaita seMahabharata neRamayana. Mahabharata, iyo inosanganisira Bhagavad Gita inoremekedzwa, inoongorora dingindira rebasa (Dharma), kururama, uye kuoma kwehupenyu hwevanhu kuburikidza nenyaya yePandavas neKauravas. Ramayana inorondedzera mabasa ekare eRama, ichisimbisa pfungwa dzehukama, kuvimbika, uye kuvimbika kwetsika. Aya maepic haana kungova magwaro echitendero chete asiwo mabhuku etsika nezvematongerwo enyika akachinja zvikuru tsika dzekuSouth Asia.
ChiHindu chekare nePuranic
Pakazosvika mazana emakore ekutanga CE, chiHindu chakanga chapararira zvakanyanya, chichibatanidza tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuno nevanamwari, zvichiratidza kuchinjika kwechitendero. Kuumbwa kwemaPuranas munguva iyi kwakanyora ngano dzakawanda, cosmologies, uye madzinza evanamwari, vakachenjera, nemagamba. MaPuranas makuru anowanzo tenderera paTrimurti yaBrahma (musiki), Vishnu (muchengeti), naShiva (muparadzi/muchinji), pamwe chete nevanamwari veVedic neUpanishadic.
Nguva yekare yakaonawo kuumbwa kwekunamatwa kwetemberi uye kuumbwa kwenzvimbo huru dzekunamata. Kuvakwa kwematemberi makuru munzvimbo dzakadai seSomnath, Kanchipuram, nePuri kwakakurudzira kupararira kwekuzvipira (Bhakti) uye kwakabatsira kukura kwemasekete akazvipira kuna vamwari vakasiyana vakaita seVaishnavism (kunamata Vishnu) neShaivism (kunamata Shiva).
Mafambiro eBhakti neTantric
Munenge muzana remakore rechi7 CE, sangano reBhakti rakabuda senzira ine simba yekunamata yaiparadzanisa madzinza echivanhu uye yaisimbisa kuzvipira kwemunhu kuna mwari mumwe chete. Vasande vakaita saRamanuja, Kabir, Mirabai, naTulsidas vakaparadzira shoko rerudo rwaMwari, kuenzana, uye kuzvipira kuna Mwari, vachiwanzonyora nhetembo nenziyo dzinobva pamwoyo dzakagara kwenguva yakareba kwemazana emakore. Sangano reBhakti rakaita kuti kunamata kwechiHindu kuve kwakasununguka uye rakaita basa rakakosha mukurwisa kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu pamwe nehutungamiriri hwemadzinza hwakasimba.
Kufanana neBhakti, tsika yeTantric, iyo inosanganisira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzechiHindu nemagwaro, yakapa imwe nzira kuHinduism. Tantra inosanganisira tsika dzakaoma, kushandiswa kwemantra, uye kusimbisa mwarikadzi (Shakti) semunhu mukuru muchitendero chevamwari. Kubatanidzwa kwetsika dzeTantric kwakapfumisa dzidziso dzechitendero dzechiHindu uye kwakabatsira mukusiyana kwezviitiko zvechitendero mukati meHindu.
Nguva dzeMiddle Ages neColonial
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, kusangana nemasimba echiIslam neEurope zvakazopedzisira zvaita kuti nzanga nepfungwa dzechiHindu dzivepo. Kugadzwa kweUmambo hweMughal kwakaita kuti pave nekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvechiHindu neIslam muunyanzvi, mapurani, netsika. Vanhu vakaita saAkbar naDara Shikoh vakaongorora syncretism uye mukana wekubatana kwechitendero.
Kuuya kwehukoloni hweBritain muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19 kwakaunza matambudziko matsva nemikana kuHindu. Nguva yehukoloni yakakonzera kuongororwa patsva kwenharaunda yechiHindu, zvichikonzera kumuka kwemasangano ekuchinja akaita seBrahmo Samaj naArya Samaj, aivavarira kubvisa zvakaipa zvemagariro evanhu zvakaita seSati (kupiswa kwechirikadzi) nekuroorwa kwevana, ukuwo achimutsiridza pfungwa dzeVedic nepfungwa. Vanhu vane simba vakaita saSwami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, naMahatma Gandhi vakatsanangurazve chiHindu kuti vagadzirise nyaya dzemazuva ano, vachitsigira zvekunamata, kururamisira munharaunda, uye kubatana pakati pezvitendero zvese.
ChiHindu chemazuva ano
Nhasi, chiHindu chinoramba chichibudirira sechitendero chikuru pasi rose, chakadzika midzi mutsika dzacho dzekare uku chichichinjana nemamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano. MuIndia neNepal, mitambo yechiHindu yakaita seDiwali, Holi, neNavaratri inopembererwa nekushingaira kukuru, ichiratidza zvinhu zvechinyakare nezvemazuva ano.
Pasi rose, vanhu vechiHindu vari kunze kwenyika vakagadzira nharaunda dzine simba, vachikurudzira kuchinjana kwetsika dzakasiyana uye vachivandudza mamiriro ezvitendero pasi rose. Masangano akaita seRamakrishna Mission, ISKCON, nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzeyoga nekufungisisa zvinobatsira mukupararira kwepfungwa netsika dzechiHindu pasi rose.
Nguva yedhijitari yakachinjawo chiHindu, nemapuratifomu epamhepo achibvumira vanhu vakawanda kuwana magwaro, hurukuro, uye nhungamiro yemweya. Kubatana pakati pehuchenjeri hwekare netekinoroji yemazuva ano kunoratidza kukosha kwechitendero ichi uye kugona kwacho kushanduka nekufamba kwenguva.
Mukupedzisa, kukura kwechiHindu muSouth Asia humbowo hwenhoroondo yaro yakawanda, kugona kwayo kuchinja, uye kudzika kweuzivi. Yakavakirwa mutsika dzekare asi dzichiramba dzichichinja, chiHindu chinoramba chiri tsika mhenyu, inofema inoramba ichikurudzira, ichidenha, uye ichisimudzira mamiriyoni evanhu pasi rose.
