Nhoroondo Yakakwana yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga
Hondo Yenyika I, inozivikanwa zvikuru seHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, yakarwiwa kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1918. Yakamira senzvimbo yekuchinja munhoroondo yenyika, ichichinja zvachose mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, mamiriro emagariro evanhu, uye kunyange kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Kurwisana uku kwakatanga muEurope asi kwakakurumidza kupararira kunze kwekondinendi, kuchikwevera nyika kubva kumativi ose enyika kuita imwe yehondo dzakaipa zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu.
The Prelude to War
Kwakatangira Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kune hukama hwakaoma hwekubatana, kuumba mauto, nyika, uye zvinangwa zvehumambo. Europe mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 yaive nedutu rezvido zvinokwikwidzana uye kusawirirana kuri kuwedzera. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakonzera kusagadzikana kwenzvimbo:
1. Kubatana neZvibvumirano: Kondinendi iyi yakakamurwa kuita masisitimu maviri makuru ekubatana. Chibvumirano cheTriple chaisanganisira France, Russia, neGreat Britain, nepo Chibvumirano cheTriple chaisanganisira Germany, Austria-Hungary, neItaly. Kubatana uku kwakagadzirirwa kudzivirirwa, asi zvairevawo kuti chero gakava remunharaunda raigona kukonzera hondo yakakura.
2. Kupinda muchiuto: Mukutanga kwema1900 kwakaonekwa makwikwi makuru ezvombo, kunyanya pakati peGermany neGreat Britain, avo vaikwikwidzana zvikuru mukuvaka ngarava dzehondo. Kuwedzera kwemari inoshandiswa muchiuto uye mitengo yemishonga muEurope yese kwakaita kuti pave nekugadzirira—uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kuda—kurwa.
3. Rudzi: Kushingairira nyika, kazhinji pamwe chete neruvengo rwevatorwa, kwakawedzera kusagadzikana. Mapoka emadzinza mukati meumambo hwenyika dzakawanda seAustria-Hungary neOttoman Empire akarwira rusununguko, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana mukati.
4. Zvido zveUmambo: Masimba eEurope akatarisana negodo remakoloni emumwe nemumwe, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kudiki nematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakawedzera kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Chiitiko Chinokonzeresa: Kupondwa kwaArchduke Franz Ferdinand
Chinhu chakakonzera hondo iyi kwaive kupondwa kwaArchduke Franz Ferdinand wekuAustria-Hungary, pamwe chete nemukadzi wake Sophie, musi wa28 Chikumi 1914, muSarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, mugari wekuBosnia wekuSerbia, ndiye akaponda netariro yekusunungura maSlav ekuSouth kubva muhutongi hweAustro-Hungary.
Austria-Hungary, ichitsigirwa neGermany, yakarambidza Serbia. Zvaidiwa zvacho zvaive zvakakomba, zvichivavarira kuderedza hutongi hweSerbia. Serbia payakabvuma zvakawanda asi kwete zvese, Austria-Hungary yakazivisa hondo musi wa28 Chikunguru 1914. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekubatana kwakasimba.
Kupararira Kwemakakatanwa
1. Western Front: Chirongwa chekutanga cheGermany, Schlieffen Plan, chaive nechinangwa chekukunda France nekukurumidza nekufamba nekukurumidza kuburikidza neBelgium, vasati vatendeukira kumabvazuva kuti vasangane neRussia. Zvisinei, kupinda kweBelgium kwakaita kuti Great Britain ipinde muhondo. Chirongwa ichi chakakundikana, zvikaita kuti pave nekusagadzikana kwenguva refu uye kunouraya, hondo yemugero ichitonga Western Front.
2. Eastern Front: Hondo yeEastern Front yakanga isina kunyatsojeka asi yaiparadzawo, ichisanganisira kurwisana kukuru pakati peCentral Powers (kunyanya Germany neAustria-Hungary) neRussia. Pasinei nekubudirira kwekutanga, kuedza kweRussia kuhondo kwakakundikana nekuda kwekusagutsikana kwemukati, zvikaita kuti Russia iite Revolution muna 1917 uye mushure mezvo ibude muhondo.
3. Mamwe Mapoka: Hondo yakapararirawo kusvika kuOttoman Empire, iyo yaitsigira Central Powers. Mapoka eBalkan neItaly akaona kurwa kwakasimba. Pamusoro pezvo, Japan yakabatana neAllies, ichitora nzvimbo dzeGerman muPacific.
Kuvandudzwa kweTekinoroji uye Mashandiro Ekugadzira Zvinhu
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakaona hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji husati hwamboitika muhondo. Hondo dzemugero dzakapararira muchikamu chikuru cheWestern Front, dzichikonzera mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa. Kuunzwa kwepfuti dzemhando ye "machine guns", zvombo zvehondo, gasi rine chepfu, matangi, uye ndege kwakachinja hondo asi kwakakonzerawo kufa kwevanhu vakawanda.
1. Pfuti dzeMuchina nezvombo: Pfuti dzemhando yepamusoro dzinogona kuparadza migero yevavengi, nepo pfuti dzemuchina dzichiita kuti kurwisa kwepamberi kuve kwakafanana nekuzviuraya kwevanhu vazhinji.
2. Hondo yeMakemikoro: Gasi rine chepfu, rakatanga kushandiswa zvinobudirira neGermany muna 1915, rakakonzera kutambura nerufu zvisina tsarukano, zvikaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwemamasiki egasi.
3. Matangi: MaBritish akagadzira matangi ekudzivirira kuganhurirwa kwehondo yemugero. Kunyangwe pakutanga akanga asina kuvimbika, matangi akazovandudzika zvishoma nezvishoma uye akaita basa rakakosha muhondo dzakazotevera.
4. Ndege: Ndege, dzaishandiswa pakutanga pakuongorora, dzakakurumidza kutora mabasa ekurwa nevanobhomba, zvichiwedzera imwe nzvimbo munhandare yehondo.
Kumba Kwemhuri
Kuronga hondo huru kwaida shanduko huru munyika. Hurumende dzakawedzera masimba adzo kutungamira kugadzirwa kwehupfumi, kugovera chikafu, uye kudzora mafungiro everuzhinji. Mashoko enhema akava chishandiso chekuchengetedza tsika uye kuona rutsigiro rweveruzhinji.
1. Mabasa eVakadzi: Vakadzi vaitora mabasa aiitwa nevarume, vachishanda mumafekitori uye vachishanda muzvikwata zvemauto zvekubatsira. Nguva iyi yekuchinja yakagadzira hwaro hwekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu mushure mehondo, kusanganisira kodzero dzevakadzi dzekusarudza kodzero dzevavhoti munyika dzinoverengeka.
2. Dambudziko rezvehupfumi: Hondo yakapedza mari yenyika, zvikaita kuti pave nezvikwereti zvikuru mushure mehondo uye kusagadzikana kwehupfumi. Nyika dzakadai seGermany dzakasangana nemigumisiro yakaipa, zvichiguma nekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu uye kupandukira kwezvematongerwo enyika.
United States Inopinda Muhondo
Pakutanga, United States yakaramba isina kwayakarerekera, yakapinda muhondo muna Kubvumbi 1917. Zvinhu zvakakonzera chisarudzo ichi zvaisanganisira hondo yemugungwa isina miganhu yakaitwa neGermany—kutyorwa kwemutemo wepasi rose—uye kubatwa kweZimmermann Telegram, umo Germany yakaedza kukurudzira Mexico kurwisa United States. Kubatanidzwa kweAmerica kwakapa simba guru kuAllied Powers maererano nevashandi nezviwanikwa.
Kupera kweHondo
Pakazosvika 1918, maCentral Powers akanga apera simba. Kubviswa kwaKaiser Wilhelm II pachigaro pamwe nekumukira kwemukati kwakaita kuti Germany itsvage chibvumirano chekubvisa zvombo, icho chakatanga kushanda musi wa11 Mbudzi 1918. Yainzi "Hondo Yekugumisa Hondo Dzese" yakanga yapera, asi rugare rwakatevera rwakadyara mbeu dzehondo yeramangwana.
Chibvumirano cheVersailles
Chibvumirano cheVersailles, chakasainwa musi wa28 Chikumi 1919, chakagumisa hondo zviri pamutemo asi chakaisa zvirango zvakaoma kuGermany. Izvi zvaisanganisira kurasikirwa nenzvimbo, kurambidzwa kwemauto, uye muripo wakawanda. Chibvumirano ichi chakapasiswa muGermany, zvikaita kuti pave nekusagadzikana uye matambudziko ehupfumi zvakakonzera kumuka kwaAdolf Hitler uye kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II.
mhedziso
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yaive chiitiko chakachinja chimiro chezana remakore rechi20. Yakakonzera kuparara kweumambo, kupatsanura miganhu yenyika, uye kugadzira nzira yekuchinja kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose. Sangano reLeague of Nations, rakaumbwa mushure maro kudzivirira kusawirirana mune ramangwana, rakazokundikana, asi zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva muhondo zvichiri kudzokororwa munguva dzazvino.
Nhaka yehondo iyi inogara iripo, ichipesvedzera zvematongerwo enyika zvemazuva ano, mazano ehondo, uye marongerwo emagariro evanhu. Kunzwisisa Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kuoma kwenhoroondo yemazuva ano uye kukanganisa kukuru kunogona kuita kurwisana kwenyika yose pavanhu.
